Based on the knowledge sources provided, I can answer your question about the

active

state when creating an identity in Kratos. When creating an identity in Ory Kratos, the

active

state is one of the possible values for the

state

field of an identity. According to the [Kratos API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/api), the

state

field is described as follows: > State is the identity's state. > > This value has currently no effect. > active StateActive > inactive StateInactive The

active

state indicates that the identity is in an active state. However, it's important to note that the documentation explicitly mentions that this value currently has no effect on the system's behavior. When creating an identity, you can set the

state

field to either

active

or

inactive

. The

active

state is typically used to represent a fully functional and usable identity within the system, although its practical impact is not currently implemented. It's worth mentioning that while you can set this state when creating an identity, its actual functionality may be reserved for future use or system enhancements in Ory Kratos.

Based on the knowledge sources provided, I can explain how admin-related routes work in Ory products, particularly focusing on Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos. For Ory Hydra: Ory Hydra serves APIs via two ports: - Public port (default 4444) - Administrative port (default 4445) The administrative port should not be exposed to public internet traffic. Admin-related routes are specifically designed to be accessed through this admin port. As stated in the [Ory Hydra documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints): "The administrative port shouldn't be exposed to public internet traffic. If you want to expose certain endpoints, such as the

/clients

endpoint for OpenID Connect Dynamic Client Registry, you can do so but you need to properly secure these endpoints with an API Gateway or Authorization Proxy." Administrative endpoints include: - All

/clients

endpoints - All

/keys

endpoints - All

/health

,

/admin/metrics/prometheus

,

/admin/version

endpoints - All

/oauth2/auth/requests

endpoints - Endpoint

/oauth2/introspect

- Endpoint

/oauth2/flush

It's important to note that none of the administrative endpoints have any built-in access control. This means that if you expose these endpoints, you need to implement your own security measures. For Ory Kratos: The setup is similar. As mentioned in the [Ory Kratos deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#install-and-configure-nginx): Ory Kratos also uses two ports: - Public API (default 4433) - Admin API (default 4434) The guide recommends using a reverse proxy (like Nginx) to manage access to these APIs. For the admin API, it suggests implementing access control. Here's an example from the Nginx configuration:

nginx location /admin {     # Example of managing access control     # for the /admin endpoint     # in that example we allow access     # either from the subnet     # or by checking query parameter ?secret=     set $allow 0;     # Check against remote address     if ($remote_addr ~* "172.24.0.*") {         set $allow 1;     }     # Check against ?secret param     if ($arg_secret = "GuQ8alL2") {         set $allow 1;     }     if ($allow = 0) {         return 403;     }      rewrite /admin/(.*) /$1  break;      proxy_pass <http://admin_api>;     # ... other proxy settings ... }

In conclusion, while the admin routes are designed to be accessed through the admin port, they don't inherently block access. However, it's crucial to implement proper security measures to protect these sensitive endpoints. The recommended approach is to use a reverse proxy or API gateway to control access to the admin routes, rather than relying solely on the port separation.

To answer your question about creating a user via the admin API and password creation, let's look at the relevant information from the Ory documentation. When creating a user (or "identity" in Ory terminology) via the admin API, a password is not automatically created for that user. The password needs to be explicitly provided in the request if you want to set one. According to the [Ory API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/reference/api), when creating or updating an identity, you have the option to include credentials, including a password. The request body for creating an identity includes a

credentials

object, which can contain a

password

field. Here's the relevant part of the schema:

json "credentials": {   "password": {     "config": {       "password": {         "description": "The password in plain text if no hash is available.",         "type": "string"       },       "hashed_password": {         "description": "The hashed password in [PHC format]",         "type": "string"       }     }   } }

This means that when creating a user via the admin API, you have three options regarding the password: 1. Provide a plain text password in the

password

field. 2. Provide a hashed password in the

hashed_password

field. 3. Don't provide any password at all. If you don't provide a password when creating the user, no password will be set for that user. This is confirmed by the [Ory documentation on importing user accounts](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/import-user-accounts-identities#importing-credentials), which shows an example of creating an identity with a password:

json {   "schema_id": "<preset://email>",   "traits": {     "email": "[[email protected]](<https://www.ory.sh/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection>)"   },   "credentials": {     "password": {       "config": {         "password": "the-password"       }     }   } }

In this example, the password "the-password" is explicitly provided in the request. To summarize, when creating a user via the admin API, Ory will not automatically create a password for that user. You need to explicitly provide the password in the request if you want one to be set during user creation.

To answer your question about how a password gets set after a user is created without one, let's look at the relevant information from the Ory documentation. There are two main ways to set a password for a user after they've been created without one: 1. Through the admin API: An administrator can update the user's credentials using the

PUT /admin/identities/{id}

endpoint. According to the [Ory API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/reference/api), this endpoint allows updating an identity's credentials. The request body would include the password information in the

credentials

object, similar to the creation process. 2. Through the self-service Settings Flow: This is the method that allows users to set or update their own passwords. The [Settings Flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-settings) explains that users can update their password using the

password

method in the Settings Flow. Here's how the self-service flow works: 1. The user initiates a Settings Flow. 2. Ory Kratos provides a form with the necessary fields for updating the password. 3. The user submits the form with their new password. The [Settings Flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-settings#update-password) provides an example of what the password update form looks like in the API response:

json {   "type": "input",   "group": "password",   "attributes": {     "name": "password",     "type": "password",     "required": true,     "disabled": false   },   "messages": [],   "meta": {     "label": {       "id": 1070001,       "text": "Password",       "type": "info"     }   } }

It's important to note that if you're using this method for users who don't have a password set yet, you might need to implement a custom flow in your application to guide them through the process of setting their initial password. Remember, when updating passwords, Ory Kratos applies the configured password policy to ensure the new password meets the required security standards. In summary, passwords can be set after user creation either by an administrator using the admin API or by the users themselves through the self-service Settings Flow.

To answer your question about how resetting a password looks like in Ory Kratos, let's examine the account recovery process, which is used for password resets. The account recovery flow in Ory Kratos is designed to allow users to regain access to their accounts when they forget their password. Here's an overview of how it works: 1. Initiation: The user starts the process by clicking on a "Recover Account" or "Forgot Password" link. This initiates the account recovery flow. 2. Recovery Methods: Ory Kratos supports two recovery methods: - Recovery by one-time codes (

code

) - Recovery by magic links (

link

) The

code

method is the default and recommended approach. As stated in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset): "One-time code" (

code

) is the default, preferred, and recommended method by Ory. 3. User Input: The user is presented with a form to enter their recovery address (usually an email). According to the [Quickstart guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/quickstart#perform-registration-login-and-logout): "The next screen shows a HTML form where you enter your email address" 4. Recovery Message: Ory Kratos sends a recovery message (email or SMS) containing either a one-time code or a magic link, depending on the configured method. 5. Verification: The user verifies their identity by either: - Entering the one-time code on the recovery page - Clicking the magic link in the email (if using the

link

method) 6. Password Reset: After successful verification, the user receives a [privileged session](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset) and is taken to the account settings page where they can set a new password. 7. Completion: Once the new password is set, the user can log in with their new credentials. The actual implementation of the recovery UI is customizable. You can create your own UI using the Ory Kratos API. Here's an example of how you might implement the recovery page using React:

jsx
import { UserAuthCard } from "@ory/elements"

export default function Recovery() {
  return (
    <UserAuthCard
      title="Recovery"
      flowType="recovery"
    />
  )
}

This example is from the [Ory Elements documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-ory-elements#recovery-page) and shows how to create a recovery page using Ory's pre-built components. It's worth noting that you can configure additional behaviors, such as invalidating other sessions after a successful recovery. This can be done using the

after_recovery

hook, as described in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#invalidate-other-sessions).

To answer your question about how resetting a password looks like in Ory Kratos, let's examine the account recovery process, which is used for password resets. The account recovery flow in Ory Kratos is designed to allow users to regain access to their accounts when they forget their password. Here's an overview of how it works: 1. Initiation: The user starts the process by clicking on a "Recover Account" or "Forgot Password" link. This initiates the account recovery flow. 2. Recovery Methods: Ory Kratos supports two recovery methods: - Recovery by one-time codes (

code

) - Recovery by magic links (

link

) The

code

method is the default and recommended approach. As stated in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset): "One-time code" (

code

) is the default, preferred, and recommended method by Ory. 3. User Input: The user is presented with a form to enter their recovery address (usually an email). According to the [Quickstart guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/quickstart#perform-registration-login-and-logout): "The next screen shows a HTML form where you enter your email address" 4. Recovery Message: Ory Kratos sends a recovery message (email or SMS) containing either a one-time code or a magic link, depending on the configured method. 5. Verification: The user verifies their identity by either: - Entering the one-time code on the recovery page - Clicking the magic link in the email (if using the

link

method) 6. Password Reset: After successful verification, the user receives a [privileged session](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset) and is taken to the account settings page where they can set a new password. 7. Completion: Once the new password is set, the user can log in with their new credentials. The actual implementation of the recovery UI is customizable. You can create your own UI using the Ory Kratos API. Here's an example of how you might implement the recovery page using React:

jsx import { UserAuthCard } from "@ory/elements"  export default function Recovery() {   return (     <UserAuthCard       title="Recovery"       flowType="recovery"     />   ) }

This example is from the [Ory Elements documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-ory-elements#recovery-page) and shows how to create a recovery page using Ory's pre-built components. It's worth noting that you can configure additional behaviors, such as invalidating other sessions after a successful recovery. This can be done using the

after_recovery

hook, as described in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#invalidate-other-sessions). In summary, password resetting in Ory Kratos is handled through the account recovery flow, which involves user verification via a one-time code or magic link, followed by setting a new password in a privileged session.

Yes, it is possible to simulate invitations for users created by an admin without a password when account registration is not public. This process is often referred to as "inviting users" in Ory Kratos. Let me explain how this can be done based on the information from the Ory documentation. According to the [Ory documentation on inviting users](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/invite-users), you can follow these steps to simulate invitations: 1. Create a basic user account: First, the admin creates a user account with just an email address as the identifier. This is done using the Admin API.

bash    curl --request POST -sL \      --header "Authorization: Bearer {ORY_API_KEY}" \      --header "Content-Type: application/json" \      --data '{      "schema_id": "<preset://email>",      "traits": {         "email": "$USER_EMAIL_ADDRESS"        }      }' https://{project-slug}.<http://projects.oryapis.com/admin/identities|projects.oryapis.com/admin/identities>

2. Trigger account recovery: After creating the account, the admin initiates the account recovery process for this user.

bash    curl --request POST -sL \       --header "Authorization: Bearer {ORY_API_KEY}" \       --header "Content-Type: application/json" \       --data '{       "expires_in": "12h",       "identity_id": "$ACCOUNT_ID"       }' https://{project-slug}.<http://projects.oryapis.com/admin/recovery/link|projects.oryapis.com/admin/recovery/link>

3. Send invitation: The admin then sends the recovery link obtained from the API response to the user's email address. This link acts as an invitation. 4. User sets credentials: When the user clicks on the recovery link, they are prompted to perform account recovery, which forces them to define new credentials (including a password). 5. Account activation: After setting the credentials, the user gets a fully functional account with the credentials they defined. This process allows you to simulate invitations even when public registration is disabled. It ensures that only users invited by an admin can create accounts, while still allowing those users to set their own passwords securely. It's important to note that this process requires custom code to automate these steps, as mentioned in the documentation: "Automating this process requires writing custom code that relies on the specifics of your implementation." Also, remember that admin API calls don't trigger Ory Actions, so any custom logic you want to apply during this process needs to be handled in your application code. [Source: Ory Documentation - Invite Users](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/invite-users) This approach provides a secure way to invite users to your application while maintaining control over who can create accounts.

To answer your question about activating an account reset in Ory Kratos and what happens next, let's look at the account recovery process, which is used for resetting accounts. According to the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset), here's how you activate an account reset and what follows: 1. Activation: To activate an account reset, you need to initiate the account recovery flow. This can be done in two ways: a) User-initiated: The user clicks on a "Recover Account" or "Forgot Password" link in your application. b) Admin-initiated: An administrator can trigger the recovery process using the Admin API. This is useful for scenarios like user invitations or forced password resets. 2. Recovery Method: Ory Kratos supports two recovery methods: - One-time codes (

code

) - This is the default and recommended method. - Magic links (

link

) - This is considered a legacy solution. 3. User Input: The user is presented with a form to enter their recovery address (usually an email). 4. Recovery Message: Kratos sends a recovery message to the user's recovery address. This message contains either: - A one-time code (if using the

code

method) - A magic link (if using the

link

method) 5. Verification: The user verifies their identity by either: - Entering the one-time code on the recovery page - Clicking the magic link in the email (if using the

link

method) 6. Privileged Session: After successful verification, the user receives a privileged session. As the documentation states: "When the user accesses the configured recovery method, they receive a [privileged session](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/session-management/session-lifespan#privileged-sessions) and are taken to their account's settings page where they must create a new password to regain access to their account." 7. Password Reset: The user is directed to the account settings page where they can set a new password. 8. Completion: Once the new password is set, the user can log in with their new credentials. It's important to note that this process doesn't reset the user's second authentication factor if multi-factor authentication is enabled. Additionally, you can configure Kratos to invalidate other active sessions when a successful recovery occurs. This can be done using the

after_recovery

hook, as described in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#invalidate-other-sessions). Remember, the actual implementation of the recovery UI is customizable. You need to create your own UI that interacts with the Ory Kratos API to guide the user through this process. In summary, activating an account reset in Kratos involves initiating the account recovery flow, which then leads to a series of steps including user verification, privileged session creation, and password reset.

Yes, the settings page in Ory Kratos is typically a protected page that requires authentication. Let's look at the details based on the information from the Ory documentation: 1. Authentication Requirement: According to the [Settings Flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-settings), accessing the settings page requires a valid Ory Session. This means the user must be logged in to access their settings. 2. Session Validation: When a user attempts to access the settings page, Ory Kratos checks for a valid session. This is typically done by verifying the session cookie or token. 3. Privileged Actions: Some actions in the settings flow, such as changing passwords or updating protected fields, may require additional authentication. As mentioned in the [Settings Flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-settings#updating-privileged-fields): "If any of these fields are changed, the Ory Session must not be older than the configured

privileged_session_max_age

value." 4. Implementation Examples: In the [Custom UI with Ory Elements documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-ory-elements#settings-page), there's an example of how to implement a protected settings page:

jsx    import { UserAuthCard } from "@ory/elements"     export default function Settings() {      return (        <UserAuthCard          title="Settings"          flowType="settings"        />      )    }

This component inherently handles the authentication check. 5. Server-Side Protection: For server-side applications, you typically need to implement middleware to check for a valid session before rendering the settings page. An example from the [PHP integration guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/php#validate-and-login) shows how to validate a session:

php    public function validateSession(){        $cookies = "";        foreach ($_COOKIE as $key=>$value) {            $cookies .= "$key=$value;";        }         try {            $session = $this->ory->toSession("", $cookies);            if (! $session["active"]) throw new Exception('Session expired');        } catch (Exception $e) {            header("Location: /.ory/self-service/login/browser", true, 303);            die();        }        $this->session = $session;    }

While this example is for a dashboard, a similar approach would be used for the settings page. In conclusion, the settings page in Ory Kratos is indeed a protected page that requires authentication. It's designed to ensure that only logged-in users can access and modify their own settings, with additional security measures for sensitive operations.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, I can explain what a magic code looks like during the account recovery phase in Ory Kratos. First, it's important to note that Ory Kratos supports two recovery methods: one-time codes (

code

) and magic links (

link

). The one-time code method, which is what you're asking about, is the default, preferred, and recommended method by Ory. According to the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset), when using the

code

method for account recovery: 1. The system sends a one-time code to the recovery address defined by the user (typically an email address). 2. The user must enter this code on the recovery page to confirm their identity and ownership of the account. While the exact format of the code isn't specified in the provided documentation, we can infer some characteristics based on common practices and an example from the [Administrative Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/account-recovery): 1. The code is typically a string of characters or numbers. 2. It's designed to be short enough to be easily entered by the user, but long enough to be secure. 3. An example of a recovery code format is shown in the API response:

json {   "recovery_code": "76453943",   ... }

In this example, the recovery code is an 8-digit number. It's worth noting that the actual implementation of how this code is displayed to the user depends on your custom UI. You would need to create a form where the user can input this code. Remember, this one-time code is temporary and expires after a set period. The expiration time can be configured when initiating the recovery process. Lastly, it's important to mention that while Ory supports the "magic links" method, it's considered a legacy solution and is set to be removed in future releases. The one-time code method is preferred as it mitigates many of the drawbacks associated with magic links.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, I don't have explicit information about account recovery codes being shared via webhooks in Ory Kratos. The documentation primarily discusses sending recovery codes via email or SMS. However, I can provide some relevant information about how recovery codes are typically handled: 1. Recovery Method: According to the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset), Ory Kratos supports two recovery methods: - One-time codes (

code

) - Magic links (

link

) 2. Delivery: The documentation states that when the account recovery flow is initiated, "the system sends a link or a one-time code to the recovery address defined by the user." 3. Recovery Address: The [Identity Schema Extensions documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/customize-identity-schema#recovery-address) shows that recovery addresses can be configured for email or SMS:

json    {      "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {        "recovery": {          "via": "email"        }      }    }

or

json    {      "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {        "recovery": {          "via": "sms"        }      }    }

4. Custom Integration: While not specifically mentioning webhooks, the [Administrative Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/account-recovery) notes that "Automating this process requires writing custom code that relies on the specifics of your implementation." Given this information, it appears that by default, account recovery codes are not shared via webhooks. They are typically sent directly to the user's recovery address (email or SMS). However, Ory's flexibility and support for custom implementations mean that it might be possible to integrate webhook functionality if required for your specific use case. If you need to implement webhook functionality for recovery codes, you would likely need to create a custom solution using Ory's APIs and your own webhook implementation. To get definitive information on this, you may want to consult the Ory support channels or documentation for any advanced integration options that might not be covered in the provided knowledge sources.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, it appears that creating a recovery flow without a retention period is not directly supported in Ory Kratos. Let me explain why: 1. Expiration Time: According to the [Administrative Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/account-recovery), when initiating a recovery flow, you can specify an

expires_in

parameter. This parameter defines how long the recovery code or link is valid. For example:

json    {      "expires_in": "12h",      "identity_id": "e01b5f2f-6afc-4194-8578-4cebcf69a4d5"    }

2. Default Lifespan: In the [Configuration section](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#configuration) of the Account Recovery documentation, it's mentioned that there's a default lifespan for recovery flows:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        recovery:          enabled: true          lifespan: 15m # Defines how much time the user has to complete the recovery flow in the UI. Default: 1h.

This indicates that recovery flows are designed to have a limited lifespan by default. 3. Security Considerations: Having an expiration time for recovery flows is a security best practice. It limits the window of opportunity for potential attackers to exploit a recovery code or link. Given this information, it doesn't appear to be possible or recommended to create a recovery flow without a retention period in Ory Kratos. The system is designed with built-in expiration mechanisms for security reasons. If you have a specific use case that requires a recovery flow without a retention period, you might need to consider alternative approaches or consult with Ory support for potential custom solutions. However, it's important to carefully consider the security implications of such a request.

You're correct to ask for clarification, and I apologize for any confusion in my previous answer. Let me provide a more accurate explanation based on the information in the [Ory Kratos documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#configuration). The default lifespan mentioned earlier actually refers to two different timeframes: 1. Code/Link Validity: This is the duration for which the recovery code or link remains valid after it's been issued. According to the documentation:

yaml    selfservice:      methods:        code:          config:            lifespan: 15m # Defines how long the code or link are valid for. Default: 1h.

This means that by default, the recovery code or link is valid for 1 hour after it's been sent to the user. 2. Recovery Flow Completion: This is the time the user has to complete the recovery flow in the UI after they've opened the link or entered the code. The documentation states:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        recovery:          lifespan: 15m # Defines how much time the user has to complete the recovery flow in the UI. Default: 1h.

This means that once the user has initiated the recovery process by clicking the link or entering the code, they have 1 hour by default to complete the process. So, to directly answer your question: The default lifespan you're referring to (1 hour) applies to both scenarios. It's the time the code/link remains valid before use, and also the time the user has to complete the recovery process after initiating it. It's important to note that these values can be configured separately, allowing you to set different durations for the code/link validity and the recovery flow completion time if needed. [Source: Ory Kratos Account Recovery Configuration](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#configuration)

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, Ory Kratos implements several self-service flows. According to the [Self-service flows documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service), the following self-service flows are available in Ory Kratos: 1. [Registration](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-registration): Allows users to create new accounts. 2. [Login](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-login): Enables users to authenticate and access their accounts. 3. [Logout](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-logout): Allows users to end their current session. 4. [User Settings](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-settings): Enables users to manage their account settings and profile information. 5. [Account Recovery](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset): Provides a way for users to regain access to their accounts, typically used for password resets. 6. [Address Verification](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/verify-email-account-activation): Allows users to verify their email addresses or other contact information. 7. [User-Facing Error](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors): Handles and displays errors to users in a user-friendly manner. Additionally, the documentation mentions support for 2FA / MFA (Two-Factor Authentication / Multi-Factor Authentication), although it's not listed as a separate flow. These self-service flows are designed to handle various aspects of user management and authentication, allowing users to perform these actions themselves without administrative intervention.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, there isn't explicit documentation addressing whether a user can still log in when an admin-initiated recovery is pending. However, we can infer some information from the available documentation. When an admin initiates a recovery flow, it doesn't automatically lock the user's account or prevent them from logging in. The recovery process is designed to provide an alternative way to access the account, typically when a user has forgotten their password. According to the [Administrative Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/account-recovery), when an admin initiates a recovery flow: 1. A recovery code or link is generated. 2. This code or link has an expiration time (default is 1 hour, but can be configured). 3. The user needs to use this code or link to complete the recovery process. There's no mention of the existing credentials being invalidated or the account being locked during this process. This suggests that the user should still be able to log in using their existing credentials if they remember them. However, it's important to note that the behavior might depend on your specific configuration and any custom implementations you might have. For example, if you've implemented additional security measures or custom hooks, these could potentially affect login behavior during a pending recovery. If you need to ensure that users can't log in while a recovery is pending, you would likely need to implement this behavior yourself, possibly using [Ory Actions](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/hooks/configure-hooks) or by extending the login flow to check for pending recoveries. For the most accurate and up-to-date information on this specific scenario, you may want to consult the Ory support channels or documentation for any advanced configurations or best practices that might not be covered in the provided knowledge sources.

Based on the information from the Ory documentation, I can explain what happens next when you submit the magic code (or one-time code) on the recovery page with the flow ID. Here's the sequence of events: 1. Verification: When you submit the code, Ory Kratos verifies it against the active recovery flow. If the code is correct and hasn't expired, the recovery process proceeds. 2. Privileged Session: Upon successful verification, you receive a privileged session. As stated in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset): "When the user accesses the configured recovery method, they receive a [privileged session](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/session-management/session-lifespan#privileged-sessions) and are taken to their account's settings page where they must create a new password to regain access to their account." 3. Redirection to Settings: You are automatically redirected to the account settings page. This is where you'll be able to set a new password. 4. Password Reset: On the settings page, you'll be prompted to create a new password. This step is crucial for regaining full access to your account. 5. Session Update: After setting the new password, your session is updated to reflect the changes. 6. Completion: Once the new password is set, you can use these new credentials to log in to your account. It's worth noting that if you have multi-factor authentication (MFA) enabled, the recovery process doesn't reset your second authentication factor. You'll still need to use your existing MFA method to complete the login process after setting the new password. Additionally, depending on the configuration, successful recovery might trigger other actions. For example, as mentioned in the [Account Recovery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/account-recovery-password-reset#invalidate-other-sessions), you can configure Kratos to invalidate other active sessions when a successful recovery occurs:

yaml selfservice:   flows:     recovery:       after:         hooks:           - hook: revoke_active_sessions

Remember, the exact user experience might vary depending on your specific UI implementation and any custom configurations you've set up in your Ory Kratos instance.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, I can explain the redirect URL in a 410 response when fetching the consent request in Ory Hydra. According to the [Hydra API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/api), when you receive a 410 (Gone) status code while fetching a consent request, the response includes an

oAuth2RedirectTo

object. This object contains a

redirect_to

URL. Here's what it looks like:

json {   "description": "Contains a redirect URL used to complete a login, consent, or logout request.",   "properties": {     "redirect_to": {       "description": "RedirectURL is the URL which you should redirect the user's browser to once the authentication process is completed.",       "type": "string"     }   },   "required": ["redirect_to"],   "title": "OAuth 2.0 Redirect Browser To",   "type": "object" }

The purpose of this redirect URL is to guide the user's browser to the next step in the OAuth 2.0 flow after the current process (in this case, the consent request) has been completed or has become invalid. When you receive a 410 status code, it typically means that the consent request you're trying to fetch is no longer available or valid. This could happen for several reasons, such as: 1. The consent request has expired. 2. The consent request has already been processed (accepted or rejected). 3. The consent request has been invalidated for some other reason. In these cases, instead of returning an error that might leave the user stuck, Hydra provides a redirect URL. This URL is where you should redirect the user's browser to continue the OAuth 2.0 flow properly. The exact destination of this redirect URL can vary depending on the state of the OAuth 2.0 flow and your specific configuration. It might lead the user back to the beginning of the flow, to an error page, or to the next appropriate step in the authentication process. To use this redirect URL, your application should check for the 410 status code when fetching a consent request. If encountered, extract the

redirect_to

URL from the response and use it to redirect the user's browser. [Source: Hydra API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/api)

The

session

object in the body of the PUT call to accept a consent challenge is used to set session data for the access token, refresh token, and ID token. This allows you to include custom claims or information in the tokens that will be issued as a result of the consent process. According to the [Hydra API Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/api), the

session

object in the request body for accepting an OAuth 2.0 consent request has two main properties: 1. `access_token`: This sets session data for the access and refresh tokens, as well as any future tokens issued by the refresh grant. The documentation notes: "AccessToken sets session data for the access and refresh token, as well as any future tokens issued by the refresh grant. Keep in mind that this data will be available to anyone performing OAuth 2.0 Challenge Introspection. If only your services can perform OAuth 2.0 Challenge Introspection, this is usually fine. But if third parties can access that endpoint as well, sensitive data from the session might be exposed to them. Use with care!" 2. `id_token`: This sets session data specifically for the OpenID Connect ID token. The documentation warns: "IDToken sets session data for the OpenID Connect ID token. Keep in mind that the session's payloads are readable by anyone that has access to the ID Challenge. Use with care!" Here's an example of how you might use the

session

object in practice, based on the [OAuth2 custom login and consent flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/custom-login-consent/flow#consent-endpoint-code-example):

javascript const session = await createOAuth2ConsentRequestSession(   grantScope,   body,   identity );  return oauth2.acceptOAuth2ConsentRequest({   consentChallenge: challenge,   acceptOAuth2ConsentRequest: {     grant_scope: grantScope,     grant_access_token_audience: body.requested_access_token_audience,     session: session,     remember: Boolean(req.body.remember),     remember_for: process.env.REMEMBER_CONSENT_FOR_SECONDS       ? Number(process.env.REMEMBER_CONSENT_SESSION_FOR_SECONDS)       : 3600,   }, });

In this example, the

session

object is created based on the granted scopes and other information, and then included in the request to accept the consent challenge. By using the

session

object, you can customize the claims and information included in the various tokens issued as part of the OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect flows, allowing for more flexible and feature-rich implementations of these protocols.

The configuration you've provided is a good starting point for a development environment, but it would need several changes to be suitable for a production deployment. Let's go through the configuration and discuss what needs to be modified for production: 1. URLs: For production, you should use HTTPS instead of HTTP for all URLs. This includes

base_url

,

ui_url

, and

allowed_return_urls

. For example:

yaml    serve:      public:        base_url: <https://your-domain.com/kratos/>      admin:        base_url: <https://internal-domain.com/kratos-admin/>

2. Security Settings: - Enable CORS with proper settings for production. - Set appropriate

allowed_return_urls

for your production environment. 3. Self-service Flows: - Consider enabling verification and recovery flows for production:

yaml      verification:        enabled: true        ui_url: <https://your-domain.com/verification>      recovery:        enabled: true        ui_url: <https://your-domain.com/recovery>

- Enable registration if needed:

yaml      registration:        enabled: true        ui_url: <https://your-domain.com/registration>

4. Logging: For production, you might want to change the log level:

yaml    log:      level: info

5. Secrets: Add a

secrets

section with secure, randomly generated secrets:

yaml    secrets:      cookie:        - SECURE-RANDOM-SECRET      cipher:        - ANOTHER-SECURE-RANDOM-SECRET

6. Database: Add a

dsn

configuration to use a production-grade database like PostgreSQL:

yaml    dsn: <postgres://user:password@localhost:5432/database?sslmode=require>

7. Hashers: The Argon2 settings should be adjusted for production:

yaml    hashers:      argon2:        parallelism: 1        memory: 128MB        iterations: 3        salt_length: 16        key_length: 32

8. OAuth2 Provider: Ensure the Hydra URL is using HTTPS:

yaml    oauth2_provider:      url: <https://hydra-internal.your-domain.com:4445>

9. Session: Add session configuration for production:

yaml    session:      cookie:        secure: true        same_site: Lax

10. SMTP: If you're using email functionality, add SMTP configuration:

yaml     courier:       smtp:         connection_uri: <smtps://user:password@mail.your-domain.com:587>

Remember to follow security best practices, such as not exposing the admin API to the public internet, as mentioned in the [Ory Kratos production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/production#security). Also, consider using environment variables for sensitive information like database credentials and secrets. For a comprehensive production setup, refer to the [Ory Kratos deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example) which provides detailed instructions on setting up Kratos for production environments.

Certainly! I'll provide you with an example configuration for Ory Kratos and explain the purpose of session, hash, secrets, and CORS settings. Here's an example configuration with these elements included:

yaml
serve:
  public:
    base_url: <https://public.example.com/>
    cors:
      enabled: true
      allowed_origins:
        - <https://app.example.com>
      allowed_methods:
        - POST
        - GET
        - PUT
        - PATCH
        - DELETE
      allowed_headers:
        - Authorization
        - Content-Type
      exposed_headers:
        - Content-Type
        - Set-Cookie
  admin:
    base_url: <https://admin.example.com/>

secrets:
  cookie:
    - PLEASE-CHANGE-ME-I-AM-VERY-INSECURE
  cipher:
    - 32-LONG-SECRET-NOT-SECURE-AT-ALL

session:
  lifespan: 24h
  cookie:
    same_site: Lax

hashers:
  argon2:
    parallelism: 1
    memory: 128MB
    iterations: 3
    salt_length: 16
    key_length: 32

# ... other configurations ...

Now, let's explain the purpose of each section: 1. Session: The session configuration controls how Ory Kratos manages user sessions. According to the [Session Management documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/session-management/overview), sessions represent authenticated users. In the example, we set: - `lifespan`: Determines how long a session remains valid. - `cookie`: Configures how the session cookie behaves. The

same_site

setting helps prevent CSRF attacks. 2. Hash: The

hashers

section configures how passwords are hashed. Ory Kratos uses Argon2 for password hashing, as shown in the [Configuration Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/configuration). The settings control: - `parallelism`: Number of threads to use - `memory`: Memory usage - `iterations`: Number of iterations -

salt_length

and `key_length`: Affect the security of the hash 3. Secrets: The

secrets

section is crucial for security. As mentioned in the [Deploy to Production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#secure-secrets), these secrets are used for: - `cookie`: Encrypting cookies - `cipher`: General-purpose encryption It's important to replace these with secure, randomly generated strings in a production environment. 4. CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing): CORS settings, found under

serve.public.cors

, control which domains can interact with your Kratos instance. As explained in the [Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) settings guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/setting-up-cors), these settings are crucial for security when your frontend is on a different domain than your Kratos instance. The configuration includes: - `allowed_origins`: Which domains can make requests - `allowed_methods`: Which HTTP methods are permitted - `allowed_headers`: Which headers can be included in requests - `exposed_headers`: Which headers can be exposed to the requesting site

Certainly! I'll provide you with an example configuration for Ory Kratos and explain the purpose of session, hash, secrets, and CORS settings. Here's an example configuration with these elements included:

yaml serve:   public:     base_url: <https://public.example.com/>     cors:       enabled: true       allowed_origins:         - <https://app.example.com>       allowed_methods:         - POST         - GET         - PUT         - PATCH         - DELETE       allowed_headers:         - Authorization         - Content-Type       exposed_headers:         - Content-Type         - Set-Cookie   admin:     base_url: <https://admin.example.com/>  secrets:   cookie:     - PLEASE-CHANGE-ME-I-AM-VERY-INSECURE   cipher:     - 32-LONG-SECRET-NOT-SECURE-AT-ALL  session:   lifespan: 24h   cookie:     same_site: Lax  hashers:   argon2:     parallelism: 1     memory: 128MB     iterations: 3     salt_length: 16     key_length: 32  # ... other configurations ...

Now, let's explain the purpose of each section: 1. Session: The session configuration controls how Ory Kratos manages user sessions. According to the [Session Management documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/session-management/overview), sessions represent authenticated users. In the example, we set: - `lifespan`: Determines how long a session remains valid. - `cookie`: Configures how the session cookie behaves. The

same_site

setting helps prevent CSRF attacks. 2. Hash: The

hashers

section configures how passwords are hashed. Ory Kratos uses Argon2 for password hashing, as shown in the [Configuration Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/configuration). The settings control: - `parallelism`: Number of threads to use - `memory`: Memory usage - `iterations`: Number of iterations -

salt_length

and `key_length`: Affect the security of the hash 3. Secrets: The

secrets

section is crucial for security. As mentioned in the [Deploy to Production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#secure-secrets), these secrets are used for: - `cookie`: Encrypting cookies - `cipher`: General-purpose encryption It's important to replace these with secure, randomly generated strings in a production environment. 4. CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing): CORS settings, found under

serve.public.cors

, control which domains can interact with your Kratos instance. As explained in the [Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) settings guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/setting-up-cors), these settings are crucial for security when your frontend is on a different domain than your Kratos instance. The configuration includes: - `allowed_origins`: Which domains can make requests - `allowed_methods`: Which HTTP methods are permitted - `allowed_headers`: Which headers can be included in requests - `exposed_headers`: Which headers can be exposed to the requesting site Remember, this is just an example configuration. In a production environment, you should carefully review and adjust these settings based on your specific security requirements and infrastructure setup. Always use strong, unique secrets and configure CORS to be as restrictive as necessary for your application's needs. [Source: Ory Kratos Documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/)

Yes, Ory Kratos can run in multiple Docker containers in a production environment. This approach is often used for scaling and high availability. Let me explain how this works and provide you with the command to run the container. According to the [Ory Kratos Docker guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/docker), Ory Kratos can be run using Docker images. For production deployments, it's recommended to use a specific version tag rather than the

latest

tag. Here's an example command to run an Ory Kratos container:

bash docker run -it -e DSN="<your-database-url>" \   --mount type=bind,source=/path/to/your/kratos/config,target=/etc/config/kratos \   oryd/kratos:<version> serve --config /etc/config/kratos/kratos.yml

Let's break down this command: 1. `-it`: Runs the container in interactive mode with a pseudo-TTY. 2. `-e DSN="<your-database-url>"`: Sets the database source name environment variable. 3. `--mount`: Mounts your local configuration directory to the container. 4. `oryd/kratos:<version>`: Specifies the Kratos Docker image and version to use. 5. `serve`: Runs the Kratos server. 6. `--config /etc/config/kratos/kratos.yml`: Specifies the path to the configuration file inside the container. For running multiple containers, you would typically use an orchestration tool like Docker Swarm or Kubernetes. These tools allow you to define how many instances of Kratos you want to run and handle load balancing between them. When running multiple instances, there are a few important considerations: 1. Database: All instances should connect to the same database to share state. 2. Configuration: Ensure all instances use the same configuration. 3. Mail Courier: As mentioned in the [Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted), for multi-instance setups, you need to run the mail courier as a separate singleton job:

bash    docker run oryd/kratos:<version> courier watch

4. Secrets: Make sure all instances use the same secrets for encryption and signing. 5. Load Balancing: Use a load balancer to distribute traffic among your Kratos instances. Remember to adjust the command based on your specific configuration and environment variables. Also, always use a specific version tag in production deployments for consistency and to avoid unexpected changes. [Source: Ory Kratos Docker Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/docker) [Source: Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted)

Based on the information provided in the Ory documentation, it's possible to use Ory Kratos without the mail courier, but this would limit certain functionalities. Let me explain the alternatives and implications: 1. HTTP-based Email Delivery: Instead of using the mail courier, you can configure Kratos to use an HTTP-based email delivery method. According to the [HTTP based email delivery documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/email-http), you can set up Kratos to send emails using an HTTP API (such as Mailchimp, your local mail sender, or your own microservice). To enable this, you would configure your Kratos instance like this:

yaml    courier:      delivery_strategy: http      http:        request_config:          url: <https://your-email-service.com/send-email>          method: POST          body: file:///path/to/your/request_body.jsonnet

2. Disable Email-based Flows: If you don't want to handle emails at all, you can disable the flows that require email sending. This includes: - Account verification - Password reset / Account recovery You can disable these flows in your Kratos configuration:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        verification:          enabled: false        recovery:          enabled: false

However, this would limit the self-service capabilities of your users, as they won't be able to verify their email addresses or recover their accounts if they forget their passwords. 3. Custom Implementation: You could implement your own solution for handling these flows without using email. This would require custom development and careful consideration of security implications. It's important to note that while it's possible to run Kratos without the mail courier, doing so may limit important functionalities and security features. The mail courier is designed to handle email-related tasks reliably and securely, especially in multi-instance deployments. If you're considering not using the mail courier due to specific requirements or constraints, it might be worth reaching out to the Ory community or support channels to discuss your use case and find the best approach that maintains security and functionality. [Source: HTTP based email delivery](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/email-http) Remember, the choice to not use the mail courier should be made carefully, considering the impact on user experience and security features like account verification and recovery.

The

--watch-courier

flag is used with the

kratos serve

command to run the message courier as a background task in Ory Kratos. This flag is particularly useful for single-instance setups of Kratos. Let me explain its purpose and usage based on the information from the Ory documentation. According to the [CLI documentation for kratos serve](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/cli/kratos-serve), the

--watch-courier

flag is described as: "Run the message courier as a background task, to simplify single-instance setup" This flag is important because it allows the mail courier to run alongside the main Kratos server process in a single instance. The mail courier is responsible for processing and sending emails, which are crucial for various self-service flows like account verification and password reset. Here's why this flag is significant: 1. Single-instance Setup: In a single-instance deployment of Kratos, using

--watch-courier

allows you to run both the main Kratos server and the mail courier in the same process, simplifying your setup. 2. Background Processing: The courier runs as a background task, meaning it doesn't interfere with the main Kratos server operations but still processes the email queue. 3. Simplification: It eliminates the need to run a separate courier process, which is typically required in multi-instance setups. However, it's important to note that for multi-instance deployments, running the courier as a separate singleton job is recommended. As stated in the [Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted): "If you're running multiple instances of Kratos (for example replicated Kubernetes deployment), you need to run the mail courier as a separate singleton job. The courier can be started with the

kratos courier watch

command." In summary, the

--watch-courier

flag is a convenient way to run the mail courier alongside Kratos in single-instance setups, simplifying deployment and management. However, for more complex, multi-instance deployments, a different approach is recommended. [Source: Kratos CLI Documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/cli/kratos-serve) [Source: Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted)

You're correct in your understanding. If you don't run the mail courier in Ory Kratos, no emails will be sent. Let me explain this in more detail based on the information from the Ory documentation. The mail courier in Ory Kratos is responsible for processing and sending emails. According to the [Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted): "Ory Kratos processes email dispatch using a mail courier worker, which must run as a singleton in order to process the mail queue." This means that the mail courier is the component that actually handles the sending of emails. If you don't run it, the emails will remain in the queue but won't be sent out. However, it's important to note that you have a few options: 1. Run the mail courier as part of the Kratos server: For single-instance setups, you can use the

--watch-courier

flag with the

kratos serve

command. This runs the mail courier as a background task within the same process as the Kratos server. 2. Run the mail courier as a separate process: For multi-instance setups, you should run the mail courier as a separate singleton job using the

kratos courier watch

command. 3. Use HTTP-based email delivery: As an alternative to the mail courier, you can configure Kratos to use an HTTP-based email delivery method. This would send emails via an HTTP API instead of using the mail courier. 4. Disable email-based flows: If you don't want to handle emails at all, you can disable the flows that require email sending, such as account verification and password reset. If you choose not to run the mail courier and haven't set up an alternative email delivery method, then indeed, no emails will be sent. This would affect functionalities like account verification, password reset, and any other features that rely on email communication. [Source: Mail courier in self-hosted Ory Kratos](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-hosted/mail-courier-selfhosted) Remember, not sending emails could significantly impact user experience and security features, so it's generally recommended to have some form of email delivery system in place unless you have a specific reason not to.

Yes, you can run a migration script when a Kratos instance is running, but it's important to do this carefully and follow best practices. Let me explain based on the information from the Ory documentation. According to the [Ory Kratos upgrade guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/upgrade), running migrations is a crucial step when upgrading Ory Kratos. The guide recommends running the

kratos migrate sql

command as part of the upgrade process. Here's how you can run a migration script: 1. First, it's crucial to back up your data before running any migrations. As the upgrade guide states: "Back up your data! Applying upgrades can lead to data loss if handled incorrectly." 2. You can run the migration command using the Kratos CLI. The [kratos migrate sql documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/cli/kratos-migrate-sql) provides the following command:

kratos migrate sql <database-url> [flags]

3. If you're using Docker, you can run the migration command in a separate container. Here's an example based on the [Ory Kratos Docker guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/docker):

bash    docker run -it --rm \      -e DSN="<your-database-url>" \      oryd/kratos:<version> \      migrate sql -e --yes

The

-e

flag reads the database URL from the environment variable, and

--yes

automatically accepts any confirmations. It's important to note that while you can run migrations with Kratos instances running, it's generally safer to perform migrations during a maintenance window to avoid potential issues. The [Ory architecture philosophy](https://www.ory.sh/docs/ecosystem/software-architecture-philosophy#architecture-philosophy) states: "The Ory stack strives to minimize startup time, taking no more than milliseconds to be ready. The processes shut down gracefully when they receive a SIGTERM signal from the process manager." This suggests that you could potentially stop your Kratos instances, run the migration, and then restart the instances with minimal downtime. Remember, always follow best practices for database migrations in production environments, such as testing the migration on a non-production copy of the database first, as mentioned in the upgrade guide. [Source: Ory Kratos Upgrade Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/upgrade) [Source: Kratos CLI Documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/cli/kratos-migrate-sql) [Source: Ory Kratos Docker Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/docker) [Source: Ory Architecture Philosophy](https://www.ory.sh/docs/ecosystem/software-architecture-philosophy#architecture-philosophy)

To add first name and last name fields to your identity schema, you can modify the JSON schema to include these properties under the

traits

object. Here's how you can update your schema to include first name and last name:

json {   "$id": "<https://schemas.ory.sh/presets/kratos/quickstart/email-password/identity.schema.json>",   "$schema": "<http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#>",   "title": "Person",   "type": "object",   "properties": {     "traits": {       "type": "object",       "properties": {         "email": {           "type": "string",           "format": "email",           "title": "Email",           "minLength": 6,           "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {             "credentials": {               "password": {                 "identifier": true               }             }           }         },         "first_name": {           "type": "string",           "title": "First Name",           "minLength": 1         },         "last_name": {           "type": "string",           "title": "Last Name",           "minLength": 1         }       },       "required": ["email", "first_name", "last_name"],       "additionalProperties": false     }   } }

In this updated schema: 1. We've added two new properties under `traits`:

first_name

and

last_name

. 2. Both

first_name

and

last_name

are defined as strings with a minimum length of 1 character. 3. We've added

"first_name"

and

"last_name"

to the

required

array, making them mandatory fields along with the email. This schema will now require users to provide their first name and last name when registering, in addition to their email address. The Ory Kratos UI will automatically generate form fields for these new properties. Remember to update your Kratos configuration to use this new schema. If you're using a file-based schema, update the file contents. If you're specifying the schema directly in your Kratos configuration, you'll need to update it there. For more information on customizing identity schemas, you can refer to the [Ory Kratos documentation on customizing identity schemas](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/customize-identity-schema).

The "password identifier" configuration under the email property in the identity schema is a crucial part of Ory Kratos's authentication system. Let me explain its purpose and why it's typically placed under the email field. According to the [Ory Kratos documentation on customizing identity schemas](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/customize-identity-schema#password-login-identifier), the "password identifier" is used to specify which field should be used as the identifier for password-based authentication. Here's why it's important and typically placed under the email field: 1. Identifier for Login: The

"identifier": true

setting under the

password

credentials tells Kratos that this field (in this case, email) should be used as the "username" for the password-based login flow. 2. Email as Primary Identifier: In many systems, the email address serves as the primary way to identify a user uniquely. It's a common practice to use email addresses for logins because they are unique and users can easily remember them. 3. Multiple Identifiers: Kratos allows for multiple identifiers. You could, for example, have both email and username as identifiers for password login. Here's an example from the documentation:

json "email": {   "type": "string",   "format": "email",   "title": "E-Mail",   "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {     "credentials": {       "password": {         "identifier": true       }     },     "verification": {       "via": "email"     },     "recovery": {       "via": "email"     }   } }

In this example, the email is set as the identifier for password login, and it's also used for verification and recovery processes. If you wanted to use a different field as the identifier, or add multiple identifiers, you could add the same configuration to other fields. For instance, to allow login with both email and username:

json "email": {   // ... other properties ...   "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {     "credentials": {       "password": {         "identifier": true       }     }   } }, "username": {   // ... other properties ...   "<http://ory.sh/kratos|ory.sh/kratos>": {     "credentials": {       "password": {         "identifier": true       }     }   } }

This configuration allows users to log in using either their email or username, along with their password. [Source: Ory Kratos - Customize Identity Schema](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/manage-identities/customize-identity-schema#password-login-identifier) Remember, the placement of this configuration determines which field(s) can be used for authentication, so it's an important consideration in designing your user identity system.

Based on the information from the Ory documentation and best practices for database migrations, the best time to run a migration script for Ory Kratos is during a planned maintenance window. Here's why: 1. Minimal Impact: Running migrations during a maintenance window minimizes the impact on active users and reduces the risk of data inconsistencies. 2. Controlled Environment: A maintenance window provides a controlled environment where you can ensure no conflicting operations are occurring simultaneously. 3. Backup Opportunity: As mentioned in the [Ory Kratos upgrade guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/upgrade), it's crucial to back up your data before running migrations. A maintenance window gives you the opportunity to perform a full backup without interfering with ongoing operations. 4. Graceful Shutdown: The Ory architecture philosophy states that "The Ory stack strives to minimize startup time, taking no more than milliseconds to be ready. The processes shut down gracefully when they receive a SIGTERM signal from the process manager." This suggests that you can safely stop Kratos instances, run the migration, and quickly restart them with minimal downtime. 5. Testing: It's recommended to test the migration on a non-production copy of the database first. A maintenance window allows time for final testing before applying changes to the production environment. 6. Rollback Plan: In case of any issues, a maintenance window provides the time and space to execute a rollback plan if necessary. While it is technically possible to run migrations with Kratos instances running, doing so during a planned maintenance window is generally safer and follows best practices for database migrations in production environments. Remember to communicate the maintenance window to your users in advance, and keep the duration as short as possible to minimize disruption. [Source: Ory Kratos Upgrade Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/upgrade) [Source: Ory Architecture Philosophy](https://www.ory.sh/docs/ecosystem/software-architecture-philosophy#architecture-philosophy)

This configuration is not suitable for a production-grade application. While it provides a starting point, several critical changes are needed to make it production-ready. Let's go through the main issues: 1. URLs: All URLs are using

http://

and

localhost

. For production, you should use

https://

and actual domain names. As stated in the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/production), "HTTPS (TLS) must be used at all times." 2. CORS: The CORS configuration is allowing a localhost origin, which is not appropriate for production. You should specify your actual production domain(s) here. 3. Secrets: The

secrets.system

value is using a placeholder. As mentioned in the [Ory Hydra configuration documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/configuration), you should "use a very long, randomly generated secret" for production. 4. OIDC Subject Identifiers: The

pairwise.salt

is using a placeholder value. This should be a randomly generated, secure string in production. 5. Missing configurations: Several important production configurations are missing, such as database settings, logging, and access rules. Here's an example of how you might adjust this configuration for production:

yaml serve:   public:     cors:       enabled: true       allowed_origins:         - <https://your-app-domain.com>       allowed_methods:         - POST         - GET         - PUT         - PATCH         - DELETE       allowed_headers:         - Authorization         - Content-Type   cookies:     same_site_mode: Lax     secure: true  urls:   self:     issuer: <https://your-hydra-domain.com>     public: <https://your-hydra-domain.com>   consent: <https://your-app-domain.com/consent>   login: <https://your-app-domain.com/login>   logout: <https://your-app-domain.com/logout>   error: <https://your-app-domain.com/error>  secrets:   system:     - LoremIpsum123!ChangeMe!ThisIsJustAnExample  oidc:   subject_identifiers:     supported_types:       - pairwise       - public     pairwise:       salt: AnotherLongRandomString123!  dsn: <postgres://user:password@host:port/database?sslmode=require>  log:   level: info   format: json  oauth2:   expose_internal_errors: false

Remember to replace placeholder values with actual, secure values for your production environment. Also, consider adding other production-specific configurations like rate limiting, database connection pooling, and proper SSL/TLS settings. For a comprehensive guide on deploying Ory Hydra in production, refer to the [Ory Hydra production deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/production). [Source: Ory Hydra Production Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/production) [Source: Ory Hydra Configuration Reference](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/configuration)

@chilly-king-10285 what is the issuer and what is the public in the self urls

The

issuer

and

public

URLs in the

urls.self

configuration of Ory Hydra serve different purposes in the OAuth2 and OpenID Connect flows. Let me explain each of them based on the Ory documentation: 1. Issuer URL: The

issuer

URL is a critical component in OpenID Connect. According to the [Ory OAuth2 and OpenID Connect documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/issuer-url): "The issuer URL is the URL of your OAuth2 Server. It's used to identify your server and is included in various OAuth2 and OpenID Connect flows and tokens." This URL is used in several important ways: - It's included in the

iss

claim of ID Tokens and OAuth2 JWT Access Tokens. - It's used to construct the OpenID Connect Discovery endpoint (

.well-known/openid-configuration

). - Clients use this URL to validate tokens and fetch server metadata. 2. Public URL: The

public

URL is the base URL for Hydra's public endpoints. These are endpoints that are accessible to the public internet and used by clients and end-users during OAuth2 and OpenID Connect flows. Public endpoints include: - The authorization endpoint (

/oauth2/auth

) - The token endpoint (

/oauth2/token

) - The userinfo endpoint (

/userinfo

) - The JWKS endpoint (

/.well-known/jwks.json

) In many cases, the

issuer

and

public

URLs will be the same, especially in simple deployments. However, they can be different in more complex setups, such as when using a reverse proxy or in certain cloud deployments. For example, in a production configuration, you might see something like this:

yaml urls:   self:     issuer: <https://auth.example.com>     public: <https://auth.example.com>

It's crucial to use HTTPS for both these URLs in production environments to ensure secure communication. [Source: Ory OAuth2 and OpenID Connect - Issuer URL](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/issuer-url) Remember, changing the issuer URL can have significant impacts on your system, especially if you have existing clients or tokens. Always be cautious when modifying these values in a production environment.

The system secret in Ory Hydra is a critical component used for various security-related operations. Based on the information from the Ory documentation, here's what the system secret is used for: 1. Encryption of Data at Rest: According to the [Ory Hydra configuration guide](https://www.ory.sh/run-oauth2-server-open-source-api-security/#configure-the-ory-hydra-oauth2-server-and-openid-connect-provider), the system secret is used to "encrypt data at rest". This means it's used to secure sensitive data stored in the database. 2. Signing Tokens and Authorize Codes: The same guide states that the system secret is used to "sign tokens and authorize codes". This is crucial for ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the tokens and codes issued by Hydra. 3. Database Access: The system secret is tied to the database initialization. As mentioned in the configuration guide, "Once a database is initialized with a system secret, that secret must be used to access the database." 4. Preventing Data Leaks: The [Ory Hydra documentation](https://www.ory.sh/run-oauth2-server-open-source-api-security/#configure-the-ory-hydra-oauth2-server-and-openid-connect-provider) notes that "Ory Hydra prevents data leaks as only token signatures are stored in the database. For a valid token, both payload and signature are required." 5. Cryptographic Operations: The system secret is used in various cryptographic operations throughout Hydra. For example, it's used in generating and validating JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) and other cryptographic artifacts. It's important to note that the system secret is a critical security element. The documentation emphasizes that it "can only be set against a fresh database" and "needs to be set to the same value every time the process (re-)starts." This means you need to securely manage and consistently use this secret across your Hydra instances. In production environments, it's crucial to use a strong, randomly generated secret and keep it secure. The documentation provides an example of generating a secret:

bash export SECRETS_SYSTEM=$(export LC_CTYPE=C; cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1)

Remember, changing the system secret after the database has been initialized can lead to data inaccessibility, so it should be managed carefully. [Source: Run your own OAuth2 Server](https://www.ory.sh/run-oauth2-server-open-source-api-security/#configure-the-ory-hydra-oauth2-server-and-openid-connect-provider)

Yes, you can put Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos behind an AWS API Gateway. However, there are some important considerations regarding CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) when doing so. Let me explain how this setup works and how CORS is handled: 1. Putting Hydra and Kratos behind API Gateway: You can use AWS API Gateway as a reverse proxy for Ory Hydra and Kratos. This allows you to manage access, handle SSL termination, and potentially implement additional security measures at the API Gateway level. 2. CORS Configuration: When you put Hydra and Kratos behind API Gateway, you'll need to handle CORS at two levels: a) API Gateway Level: You'll need to configure CORS in your API Gateway settings. This involves setting up the appropriate CORS headers in the API Gateway responses. b) Hydra and Kratos Level: You should still maintain CORS configurations in Hydra and Kratos as well. This ensures that if any requests bypass the API Gateway, they're still handled correctly. 3. How CORS Works in this Setup: - The browser will send preflight requests to the API Gateway. - API Gateway will need to respond to these preflight requests with the appropriate CORS headers. - The actual requests will then be forwarded to Hydra or Kratos. - Hydra and Kratos should also be configured to handle CORS, as they may need to add additional headers to the responses. 4. CORS Configuration Example: For Hydra, you might have a configuration like this:

yaml
   serve:
     public:
       cors:
         enabled: true
         allowed_origins:
           - <https://your-frontend-domain.com>
         allowed_methods:
           - POST
           - GET
           - PUT
           - PATCH
           - DELETE
         allowed_headers:
           - Authorization
           - Content-Type
         exposed_headers:
           - Content-Type
           - Set-Cookie

Similar configuration would be needed for Kratos. 5. API Gateway Configuration: In API Gateway, you'll need to enable CORS for your resources and methods. This typically involves: - Allowing specific origins - Setting

Access-Control-Allow-Methods

- Setting

Access-Control-Allow-Headers

- Enabling

Access-Control-Allow-Credentials

if you're using cookies 6. Considerations: - Ensure that the CORS configurations in API Gateway, Hydra, and Kratos are consistent. - Be cautious with wildcard origins (

*

) in production environments. - Remember that API Gateway has a maximum timeout of 29 seconds, which might affect long-running operations. 7. Security: As mentioned in the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production), it's recommended to run Ory services behind an API gateway or load balancer for additional security: "We strongly recommend running Ory Hydra behind an API gateway or a load balancer."

Yes, you can put Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos behind an AWS API Gateway. However, there are some important considerations regarding CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) when doing so. Let me explain how this setup works and how CORS is handled: 1. Putting Hydra and Kratos behind API Gateway: You can use AWS API Gateway as a reverse proxy for Ory Hydra and Kratos. This allows you to manage access, handle SSL termination, and potentially implement additional security measures at the API Gateway level. 2. CORS Configuration: When you put Hydra and Kratos behind API Gateway, you'll need to handle CORS at two levels: a) API Gateway Level: You'll need to configure CORS in your API Gateway settings. This involves setting up the appropriate CORS headers in the API Gateway responses. b) Hydra and Kratos Level: You should still maintain CORS configurations in Hydra and Kratos as well. This ensures that if any requests bypass the API Gateway, they're still handled correctly. 3. How CORS Works in this Setup: - The browser will send preflight requests to the API Gateway. - API Gateway will need to respond to these preflight requests with the appropriate CORS headers. - The actual requests will then be forwarded to Hydra or Kratos. - Hydra and Kratos should also be configured to handle CORS, as they may need to add additional headers to the responses. 4. CORS Configuration Example: For Hydra, you might have a configuration like this:

yaml    serve:      public:        cors:          enabled: true          allowed_origins:            - <https://your-frontend-domain.com>          allowed_methods:            - POST            - GET            - PUT            - PATCH            - DELETE          allowed_headers:            - Authorization            - Content-Type          exposed_headers:            - Content-Type            - Set-Cookie

Similar configuration would be needed for Kratos. 5. API Gateway Configuration: In API Gateway, you'll need to enable CORS for your resources and methods. This typically involves: - Allowing specific origins - Setting

Access-Control-Allow-Methods

- Setting

Access-Control-Allow-Headers

- Enabling

Access-Control-Allow-Credentials

if you're using cookies 6. Considerations: - Ensure that the CORS configurations in API Gateway, Hydra, and Kratos are consistent. - Be cautious with wildcard origins (

*

) in production environments. - Remember that API Gateway has a maximum timeout of 29 seconds, which might affect long-running operations. 7. Security: As mentioned in the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production), it's recommended to run Ory services behind an API gateway or load balancer for additional security: "We strongly recommend running Ory Hydra behind an API gateway or a load balancer." Remember, when setting up this architecture, you'll need to carefully manage your CORS settings to ensure they're secure yet functional for your specific use case. Always use HTTPS in production and be mindful of exposing sensitive endpoints. [Source: Ory Hydra Production Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production) [Source: Ory Kratos CORS Settings](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/setting-up-cors)

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources and our previous conversation, I can provide insights on the commands you've mentioned for serving Ory Hydra in production via Docker and performing health checks. Regarding the serve command:

"serve -c /shared/config.yml all"

This command is close to correct, but it needs a slight modification to be fully accurate for production use. The correct command should be:

"serve all --config /shared/config.yml"

This command is based on the information from the [Ory Hydra CLI documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/cli/hydra-serve-all). The

serve all

command starts both the public and administrative HTTP/2 APIs. The

--config

flag (or

-c

for short) specifies the path to the configuration file. As for the health check command:

hydra remote status -e <http://localhost:4434> || exit 1

This command is not entirely correct for a production setup. There are a few issues: 1. The use of

http://

instead of

https://

is not recommended for production. As mentioned in the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints), HTTPS should be used at all times in production. 2. The port 4434 is not a standard port for Ory Hydra. Typically, Hydra uses 4444 for the public API and 4445 for the admin API. 3. The

hydra remote status

command is not documented in the provided knowledge sources, which suggests it might not be the recommended way to check Hydra's health in production. A more appropriate health check command would be to use a simple HTTP request to Hydra's health endpoint. For example:

curl -f -s -o /dev/null <https://your-hydra-domain.com:4445/health/ready> || exit 1

This command checks the readiness of the Hydra instance by making a request to the

/health/ready

endpoint on the admin port (4445). The

-f

flag ensures that curl returns a non-zero exit code on HTTP errors, which is then used to determine the health status. Remember to replace

<http://your-hydra-domain.com|your-hydra-domain.com>

with your actual Hydra domain, and ensure that your health check is accessing the correct port and using HTTPS in a production environment. [Source: Hydra CLI Documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/cli/hydra-serve-all) [Source: Hydra Production Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints)

Based on the information from the Ory documentation and best practices for deploying containerized applications in AWS, I can provide you with example task definitions for serving Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos containers in AWS ECS (Elastic Container Service). Please note that these are basic examples and should be adjusted to fit your specific requirements and security needs. Here are example task definitions for both Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos: 1. Ory Hydra Task Definition:

json
{
  "family": "ory-hydra",
  "containerDefinitions": [
    {
      "name": "hydra",
      "image": "oryd/hydra:v1.10.6",
      "cpu": 256,
      "memory": 512,
      "essential": true,
      "portMappings": [
        {
          "containerPort": 4444,
          "hostPort": 4444,
          "protocol": "tcp"
        },
        {
          "containerPort": 4445,
          "hostPort": 4445,
          "protocol": "tcp"
        }
      ],
      "environment": [
        {
          "name": "DSN",
          "value": "<postgres://user:password@your-db-host:5432/hydra?sslmode=require>"
        },
        {
          "name": "SECRETS_SYSTEM",
          "value": "your-very-long-secret-here"
        },
        {
          "name": "URLS_SELF_ISSUER",
          "value": "<https://your-hydra-domain.com/>"
        },
        {
          "name": "URLS_CONSENT",
          "value": "<https://your-consent-app-domain.com/consent>"
        },
        {
          "name": "URLS_LOGIN",
          "value": "<https://your-login-app-domain.com/login>"
        }
      ],
      "command": [
        "serve",
        "all",
        "--config",
        "/etc/config/hydra.yml"
      ],
      "healthCheck": {
        "command": [
          "CMD-SHELL",
          "curl -f <http://localhost:4445/health/ready> || exit 1"
        ],
        "interval": 30,
        "timeout": 5,
        "retries": 3,
        "startPeriod": 60
      },
      "logConfiguration": {
        "logDriver": "awslogs",
        "options": {
          "awslogs-group": "/ecs/ory-hydra",
          "awslogs-region": "your-aws-region",
          "awslogs-stream-prefix": "hydra"
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "requiresCompatibilities": [
    "FARGATE"
  ],
  "networkMode": "awsvpc",
  "cpu": "256",
  "memory": "512"
}

2. Ory Kratos Task Definition:

Based on the information from the Ory documentation and best practices for deploying containerized applications in AWS, I can provide you with example task definitions for serving Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos containers in AWS ECS (Elastic Container Service). Please note that these are basic examples and should be adjusted to fit your specific requirements and security needs. Here are example task definitions for both Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos: 1. Ory Hydra Task Definition:

json {   "family": "ory-hydra",   "containerDefinitions": [     {       "name": "hydra",       "image": "oryd/hydra:v1.10.6",       "cpu": 256,       "memory": 512,       "essential": true,       "portMappings": [         {           "containerPort": 4444,           "hostPort": 4444,           "protocol": "tcp"         },         {           "containerPort": 4445,           "hostPort": 4445,           "protocol": "tcp"         }       ],       "environment": [         {           "name": "DSN",           "value": "<postgres://user:password@your-db-host:5432/hydra?sslmode=require>"         },         {           "name": "SECRETS_SYSTEM",           "value": "your-very-long-secret-here"         },         {           "name": "URLS_SELF_ISSUER",           "value": "<https://your-hydra-domain.com/>"         },         {           "name": "URLS_CONSENT",           "value": "<https://your-consent-app-domain.com/consent>"         },         {           "name": "URLS_LOGIN",           "value": "<https://your-login-app-domain.com/login>"         }       ],       "command": [         "serve",         "all",         "--config",         "/etc/config/hydra.yml"       ],       "healthCheck": {         "command": [           "CMD-SHELL",           "curl -f <http://localhost:4445/health/ready> || exit 1"         ],         "interval": 30,         "timeout": 5,         "retries": 3,         "startPeriod": 60       },       "logConfiguration": {         "logDriver": "awslogs",         "options": {           "awslogs-group": "/ecs/ory-hydra",           "awslogs-region": "your-aws-region",           "awslogs-stream-prefix": "hydra"         }       }     }   ],   "requiresCompatibilities": [     "FARGATE"   ],   "networkMode": "awsvpc",   "cpu": "256",   "memory": "512" }

2. Ory Kratos Task Definition:

json {   "family": "ory-kratos",   "containerDefinitions": [     {       "name": "kratos",       "image": "oryd/kratos:v0.9.0",       "cpu": 256,       "memory": 512,       "essential": true,       "portMappings": [         {           "containerPort": 4433,           "hostPort": 4433,           "protocol": "tcp"         },         {           "containerPort": 4434,           "hostPort": 4434,           "protocol": "tcp"         }       ],       "environment": [         {           "name": "DSN",           "value": "<postgres://user:password@your-db-host:5432/kratos?sslmode=require>"         },         {           "name": "SECRETS_DEFAULT",           "value": "your-very-long-secret-here"         },         {           "name": "SERVE_PUBLIC_BASE_URL",           "value": "<https://your-kratos-public-domain.com/>"         },         {           "name": "SERVE_ADMIN_BASE_URL",           "value": "<https://your-kratos-admin-domain.com/>"         }       ],       "command": [         "serve",         "--config",         "/etc/config/kratos.yml"       ],       "healthCheck": {         "command": [           "CMD-SHELL",           "curl -f <http://localhost:4434/health/ready> || exit 1"         ],         "interval": 30,         "timeout": 5,         "retries": 3,         "startPeriod": 60       },       "logConfiguration": {         "logDriver": "awslogs",         "options": {           "awslogs-group": "/ecs/ory-kratos",           "awslogs-region": "your-aws-region",           "awslogs-stream-prefix": "kratos"         }       }     }   ],   "requiresCompatibilities": [     "FARGATE"   ],   "networkMode": "awsvpc",   "cpu": "256",   "memory": "512" }

These task definitions are set up for AWS Fargate, which is a serverless compute engine for containers. They include: - Container images and versions - Port mappings - Environment variables (including database connection strings and secrets) - Health checks - Logging configurations Remember to replace placeholder values (like database URLs, secrets, and domain names) with your actual values. Also, ensure that you're using the latest stable versions of Ory Hydra and Kratos. For production use, consider the following additional steps: 1. Use AWS Secrets Manager or Parameter Store to manage sensitive information like database credentials and secrets. 2. Set up proper networking and security groups to control access to your containers. 3. Use HTTPS for all external communications. 4. Adjust CPU and memory allocations based on your workload requirements. 5. Set up proper IAM roles for your tasks to access other AWS resources. [Source: Ory Hydra Docker Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/guides/docker) [Source: Ory Kratos Docker Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/docker) Always refer to the latest Ory documentation and AWS best practices when deploying these services in a production environment.

Yes, it is possible to host Ory Hydra, Ory Kratos, and the self-service UI for Kratos on the same domain name. However, this setup requires careful configuration and is typically achieved using a reverse proxy or API gateway. Here's how you can approach this: 1. Domain Setup: You can use subpaths on the same domain for different services. For example: -

<https://your-domain.com/hydra>

for Ory Hydra -

<https://your-domain.com/kratos>

for Ory Kratos -

<https://your-domain.com/ui>

for the self-service UI 2. Reverse Proxy: Use a reverse proxy (like Nginx, Traefik, or AWS API Gateway) to route requests to the appropriate service based on the path. 3. Configuration: You'll need to adjust the configuration of both Hydra and Kratos to work with this setup. For example, in your Kratos configuration:

yaml    serve:      public:        base_url: <https://your-domain.com/kratos>

And for Hydra:

yaml    urls:      self:        issuer: <https://your-domain.com/hydra>

4. CORS Configuration: Since all services are on the same domain, CORS issues should be minimal. However, you still need to configure CORS in Hydra and Kratos to allow requests from your domain. 5. Cookie Domain: Ensure that cookies are set for the root domain so they can be shared across subpaths. It's important to note that while this setup is possible, it comes with some considerations: 1. Security: Ensure proper isolation between services, especially for admin APIs. 2. Complexity: This setup increases the complexity of your deployment and can make debugging more challenging. 3. Performance: Be mindful of the load on your reverse proxy as it will be handling all traffic. The [Ory documentation on multi-domain cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/multi-domain-cookies) emphasizes the importance of having Ory and your UI on the same top-level domain: "Ory and your UI must be on the hosted on same top level domain. You can't host Ory and your UI on separate top level domains." This setup you're proposing aligns with this requirement, as all components would be on the same domain. Remember to thoroughly test this configuration, especially focusing on the interaction between Hydra, Kratos, and your self-service UI, to ensure all flows work correctly under this shared domain setup. [Source: Ory Kratos - Multi-domain Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/multi-domain-cookies)

The base URL in the configurations of Ory Kratos and Ory Hydra serves important purposes for each service. Let me explain their roles separately: For Ory Kratos: The

base_url

in Kratos configuration, typically found under

serve.public.base_url

, is used for several key functions: 1. Compute Redirect URLs: As mentioned in the [Ory Kratos documentation on advanced base URL settings](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/multi-domain-cookies), the public base URL is used to compute redirect URLs. 2. Form Action URLs: It's used to generate form action URLs for various self-service flows. 3. Reference Point: It serves as a reference point for relative URLs in the system. 4. CORS: It's used as the basis for CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) configurations. For example, in a Kratos configuration:

yaml serve:   public:     base_url: <https://your-domain.com/kratos>

This tells Kratos that all of its public endpoints should be accessible under

<https://your-domain.com/kratos>

. For Ory Hydra: In Hydra, the base URL is typically set in the

urls.self.issuer

configuration. Its purposes include: 1. OpenID Connect Issuer: As explained in the [Ory OAuth2 and OpenID Connect documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/issuer-url), this URL is used as the issuer identifier in OpenID Connect flows. 2. Token Issuance: It's included in the

iss

(issuer) claim of ID Tokens and OAuth2 JWT Access Tokens. 3. Discovery Endpoint: It's used to construct the OpenID Connect Discovery endpoint (

.well-known/openid-configuration

). 4. Client Validation: Clients use this URL to validate tokens and fetch server metadata. For example, in a Hydra configuration:

yaml urls:   self:     issuer: <https://your-domain.com/hydra>

This configuration tells Hydra to use

<https://your-domain.com/hydra>

as its base URL for issuing tokens and other OAuth2/OpenID Connect operations. In both cases, the base URL is crucial for ensuring that all components of the system (including clients, browsers, and the services themselves) have a consistent understanding of where to find and interact with the services. It's particularly important when you're running these services behind a reverse proxy or in complex network setups. Remember, when hosting both services on the same domain, as you mentioned in your previous question, you need to ensure these base URLs are correctly set to reflect your chosen subpaths for each service.

The admin base URL in Ory Kratos serves a specific purpose distinct from the public base URL. Let me explain its role based on the information from the Ory documentation. The admin base URL, typically configured as

serve.admin.base_url

in the Kratos configuration, is used for administrative operations and internal communication. Here's what it's used for: 1. Administrative API: The admin base URL is the endpoint for Kratos' administrative API. This API is used for operations that should not be accessible to the public, such as managing identities, performing administrative actions, and accessing sensitive system information. 2. Internal Communication: It's used for internal communication between Kratos and other components of your system that need administrative access. 3. Separation of Concerns: By having a separate admin base URL, you can isolate administrative traffic from public traffic, enhancing security. 4. Access Control: The admin API should typically be accessible only from within your internal network or through strictly controlled access points. For example, in a Kratos configuration, you might see something like this:

yaml serve:   admin:     base_url: <http://kratos:4434>

This configuration tells Kratos that its administrative API should be accessible at

<http://kratos:4434>

. It's important to note that, as mentioned in the [Ory Kratos deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#install-and-configure-nginx), the admin API should not be exposed to the public internet. The guide recommends using a reverse proxy (like Nginx) to manage access to these APIs and implement access control for the admin endpoints. For instance, in a production environment, you might configure your reverse proxy to only allow access to the admin API from specific IP addresses or after passing through additional authentication. Remember, while the public base URL is used for user-facing operations and flows, the admin base URL is for backend, administrative tasks and should be secured accordingly. [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#install-and-configure-nginx)

You're right to question why the admin base URL would be set in the configuration, especially given its internal nature. Let me clarify this based on the information from the Ory documentation. The admin base URL is set in the configuration for a few important reasons: 1. Flexibility in Deployment: As mentioned in the [Ory Kratos deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example), setting the admin base URL in the configuration allows for flexibility in how you deploy Kratos. You can easily change where the admin API is accessible without modifying the code. 2. Internal Service Discovery: In complex microservices architectures, having the admin base URL configurable allows other internal services to discover and communicate with Kratos' admin API more easily. 3. Reverse Proxy Configuration: When using a reverse proxy, as recommended in the deployment guide, you can set the admin base URL to match your internal network structure. This helps in routing requests correctly within your infrastructure. 4. Local Development and Testing: During development or in test environments, you might need to access the admin API from different locations. Having it configurable makes this easier. However, it's crucial to note that while the admin base URL is set in the configuration, it doesn't mean it should be publicly accessible. As the deployment guide emphasizes, you should use a reverse proxy or similar mechanism to control access to the admin API, ensuring it's not exposed to the public internet. In production environments, you might set this to an internal network address or use environment variables to configure it securely, following the principle of not hardcoding sensitive information in configuration files. [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example) Remember, the presence of this setting in the configuration is more about flexibility and ease of deployment across different environments, rather than suggesting it should be publicly accessible.

Your Hydra and Kratos configurations look well-structured and are using environment variables (filled in via Terraform) for flexibility and security. This is a good practice for managing configurations across different environments. Let's review both configurations: Hydra Configuration: 1. The

serve.cookies.secure

is set to true, which is correct for production use. 2. The URLs are properly set using the

${identity_url}

variable, which allows for consistent domain usage. 3. The

secrets.system

is set using a variable, which is good for security. 4. OIDC subject identifiers are properly configured. 5. Logging is set to use JSON format, which is good for production environments. 6.

oauth2.expose_internal_errors

is set to false, which is correct for production to prevent leaking sensitive information. Kratos Configuration: 1. Both public and admin base URLs are set using variables. 2. Self-service flows are properly configured with UI URLs. 3. Password method is enabled. 4. Verification and recovery flows are disabled. Make sure this is intentional for your use case. 5. Registration is disabled. Again, ensure this is intentional. 6. Logging is configured with a variable for log level and sensitive value leaking is disabled. 7. Secrets for cookies and ciphers are set using variables. 8. Session lifespan and cookie settings are defined. 9. Argon2 hasher is configured, though the memory setting (128KB) seems low for production. Consider increasing this for better security. 10. Identity schema is loaded from a file path. 11. OAuth2 provider URL is set using a variable. Overall, these configurations look suitable for a production environment, with a few points to consider: 1. Ensure all the Terraform variables are properly set and secured. 2. Consider enabling verification and recovery flows if needed for your use case. 3. Review the Argon2 hasher settings, particularly the memory allocation. 4. Make sure the

${identity_schema_path}

points to the correct schema file in your production environment. 5. Verify that the

${oauth2_provider_url}

correctly points to your Hydra instance. Remember to test thoroughly in a staging environment that mirrors your production setup before deploying. Also, ensure that your infrastructure (like reverse proxies or API gateways) is configured to properly route requests to Hydra and Kratos based on these configurations. [Source: Ory Hydra Configuration](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/reference/configuration) [Source: Ory Kratos Configuration](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/configuration)

Yes, you can set up your three services using the subdomains you've mentioned. This approach aligns with best practices for deploying Ory Kratos, Ory Hydra, and a self-service UI. Let's break down how this setup would work: 1. Kratos: http://identity.example.com This would be the main domain for Ory Kratos, handling identity management and authentication flows. 2. Hydra: http://auth.identity.example.com This subdomain would host Ory Hydra, managing OAuth2 and OpenID Connect protocols. 3. Self-service UI: http://ui.identity.example.com This would host your custom UI for self-service flows like login, registration, etc. This setup is viable and offers several advantages: 1. Clear Separation: Each service has its own subdomain, making it easier to manage and configure independently. 2. Same Top-Level Domain: All services are on the same top-level domain (example.com), which aligns with Ory's recommendations for cookie handling and CORS configurations. 3. Flexible Routing: You can use a reverse proxy or API gateway to route requests to the appropriate service based on the subdomain. However, there are a few important points to consider: 1. HTTPS: In a production environment, you should use HTTPS for all these services. The examples you provided use HTTP, but for security reasons, always use HTTPS in production. 2. Cookie Configuration: Ensure that your cookie domains are set correctly. You might want to set the cookie domain to

.<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

to allow sharing across subdomains. 3. CORS Configuration: Configure CORS settings in both Kratos and Hydra to allow requests from your UI subdomain. 4. Kratos Configuration: Update your Kratos configuration to reflect this setup. For example:

yaml    serve:      public:        base_url: <https://identity.example.com>

5. Hydra Configuration: Similarly, update your Hydra configuration:

yaml    urls:      self:        issuer: <https://auth.identity.example.com>      login: <https://ui.identity.example.com/login>      consent: <https://ui.identity.example.com/consent>

6. Reverse Proxy: Set up a reverse proxy (like Nginx or Traefik) to handle routing between these subdomains. This setup is in line with the guidance provided in the [Ory documentation on multi-domain cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/multi-domain-cookies), which states: "Ory and your UI must be on the hosted on same top level domain. You can't host Ory and your UI on separate top level domains." Your proposed setup meets this requirement as all services are on subdomains of

<http://example.com|example.com>

. Remember to thoroughly test this configuration, especially the interactions between Kratos, Hydra, and your self-service UI, to ensure all flows work correctly under this subdomain setup. [Source: Ory Kratos - Multi-domain Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/multi-domain-cookies)

Yes, you can set the cookie domain for both Ory Kratos and Ory Hydra. This is an important configuration, especially when you're running these services across different subdomains. Let me explain how you can do this for each service: For Ory Kratos: You can set the cookie domain in the Kratos configuration file. According to the [Ory Kratos documentation on cookie settings](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies), you can configure the cookie domain as follows:

yaml session:   cookie:     domain: <http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

This setting will make the session cookie available across all subdomains of

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

. For Ory Hydra: Similarly, you can set the cookie domain for Hydra in its configuration. As per the [Ory Hydra documentation on configuring cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/guides/cookies), you can set it like this:

yaml serve:   cookies:     domain: <http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

This configuration will ensure that cookies set by Hydra are also available across all subdomains of

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

. Important considerations: 1. Shared Domain: By setting the cookie domain to your top-level domain (e.g.,

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

), you ensure that cookies can be shared across all subdomains, which is crucial for your setup with

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

,

<http://auth.identity.example.com|auth.identity.example.com>

, and

<http://ui.identity.example.com|ui.identity.example.com>

. 2. Security: When setting cookie domains, always use the most specific domain possible to minimize the risk of cookie-based attacks. 3. HTTPS: In production, always use HTTPS and set the

secure

flag for cookies to true. 4. SameSite: Consider setting the

SameSite

attribute for your cookies. For example:

yaml    session:      cookie:        same_site: Lax

This helps protect against CSRF attacks. Remember, when you're using subdomains as in your proposed setup (

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

,

<http://auth.identity.example.com|auth.identity.example.com>

,

<http://ui.identity.example.com|ui.identity.example.com>

), setting the cookie domain to the root domain (

<http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>

) allows these cookies to be shared across all these subdomains, which is typically what you want for a cohesive authentication system. [Source: Ory Kratos - Configuring Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies) [Source: Ory Hydra - Configuring Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/guides/cookies)

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources, the health check endpoints for both Ory Kratos and Ory Hydra are typically available on the admin ports, not on the public ports. Let me explain this for each service: For Ory Hydra: According to the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints), the health check endpoints are part of the administrative API: "Administrative endpoints include: - All

/health

,

/admin/metrics/prometheus

,

/admin/version

endpoints." These endpoints are served on the administrative port, which is typically 4445. For Ory Kratos: The [Ory Kratos deployment guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#install-and-configure-nginx) shows that the health check endpoint is accessed via the admin port (4434):

bash curl -f <http://localhost:4434/health/ready> || exit 1

This indicates that the health check endpoints in Kratos are also served on the admin port. It's important to note that these health check endpoints are not meant to be exposed to the public internet. They are designed for internal use, such as for load balancers, orchestration systems, or monitoring tools to check the status of the services. If you need to perform health checks from outside your internal network, it's recommended to set up a proxy or API gateway that can access these admin endpoints internally and expose a public health check endpoint that doesn't reveal sensitive information about your infrastructure. [Source: Ory Hydra Production Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints) [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example#install-and-configure-nginx)

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources and our previous conversation, I can clarify about the version path in Ory services. For Ory Hydra, the version endpoint is part of the administrative API, just like the health check endpoints. According to the [Ory Hydra production guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints), the administrative endpoints include: "All

/health

,

/admin/metrics/prometheus

,

/admin/version

endpoints." This means that the version endpoint for Hydra is typically accessed via the admin port (usually 4445) and would be something like:

<http://localhost:4445/admin/version>

For Ory Kratos, while not explicitly mentioned in the provided knowledge sources, it follows a similar pattern to Hydra. The version endpoint is likely also part of the administrative API and would be accessed through the admin port (typically 4434). It's important to note that these administrative endpoints, including the version endpoint, are not meant to be exposed to the public internet. They are designed for internal use, such as for monitoring, debugging, or administrative purposes. If you need to access version information from outside your internal network, it's recommended to create a secure method to retrieve this information without directly exposing the administrative endpoints. This could involve setting up a proxy or creating a custom endpoint that safely relays the version information. Remember, in a production environment, always use HTTPS for any external access, and implement proper authentication and authorization for accessing sensitive information like version details. [Source: Ory Hydra Production Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/self-hosted/production#exposing-administrative-and-public-api-endpoints)

If you omit the

serve.admin.base_url

from your Ory Kratos configuration, Kratos will still function, but there are some important implications to consider: 1. Default Behavior: When the admin base URL is not explicitly set, Kratos will use a default value. Typically, this default is

<http://localhost:4434>

or a similar local address. 2. Internal Communication: The admin base URL is primarily used for internal communication and administrative operations. By not setting it explicitly, you're relying on the default, which might not be suitable for your specific deployment setup. 3. Security Implications: If the default admin URL is used and it's not properly secured, it could potentially expose the admin API to unintended access. This is especially risky if your deployment accidentally makes the default admin port accessible externally. 4. Flexibility Loss: By not setting the admin base URL explicitly, you lose some flexibility in how you deploy and manage Kratos, especially in more complex setups or when using reverse proxies. 5. Potential Misconfiguration: In production environments, relying on defaults can lead to misconfigurations, especially if the actual admin API ends up being served from a different location than the default. 6. Logging and Debugging: Without an explicit admin base URL, it might be more challenging to track and debug issues related to admin API access. While Kratos can function without an explicitly set admin base URL, it's generally recommended to set it, especially in production environments. This ensures that you have full control over where and how the admin API is accessed, and it helps in maintaining a clear and secure configuration. Remember, the admin API should never be exposed to the public internet. If you decide to omit the admin base URL, make sure that your deployment still properly secures access to the admin endpoints, regardless of where they end up being served from. [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example)

Based on your question and the context from our previous conversation, I understand your concern about exposing internal URLs to the browser. You're right to be cautious about this, as it's a good security practice to keep internal infrastructure details hidden from end-users. In the case of Ory Kratos, the admin base URL (

serve.admin.base_url

) is not intended to be exposed to or used by the browser. It's meant for internal communication and administrative operations. Therefore, you can safely omit it from the configuration if you know the correct URL to use internally for admin operations. Here's why this approach is acceptable: 1. Internal Use Only: The admin URL is used for server-to-server communication and administrative tasks, not for browser-based redirects or client-side operations. 2. Security: By not exposing the admin URL in your configuration, you're adhering to the principle of least privilege and reducing potential attack surfaces. 3. Flexibility: If you're using a reverse proxy or API gateway to manage internal routing, you can handle the admin URL routing there without exposing it in the Kratos configuration. However, keep in mind: 1. Proper Setup: Ensure that your internal systems (like other microservices or admin tools) are correctly configured to use the admin URL you've chosen. 2. Secure Access: Even though you're not exposing the admin URL in the configuration, make sure it's still properly secured and only accessible within your internal network or through appropriate authentication mechanisms. 3. Documentation: It's a good practice to document your admin URL separately for your operations team, so they know how to access administrative functions. In summary, yes, you can leave out the

serve.admin.base_url

from your Kratos configuration if you know the correct URL to use internally for admin operations. This approach aligns well with security best practices by not exposing internal infrastructure details to the browser or end-users. [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example) Remember, the key is to ensure that your internal systems are correctly set up to use the admin URL, even if it's not explicitly defined in the Kratos configuration file.

Based on your request and the information available in the Ory documentation, I can provide some insights on how to handle admin routes in Ory Kratos similar to Ory Hydra. Unfortunately, the knowledge sources don't provide explicit information about Kratos returning a 404 for admin routes on the non-admin port, as it does in Hydra. However, we can discuss a potential approach to achieve a similar behavior: 1. Separate Ports: Ensure that Kratos is configured to use separate ports for public and admin APIs. This is typically done by default, with the public API on port 4433 and the admin API on port 4434. 2. Reverse Proxy: Use a reverse proxy (like Nginx or Traefik) in front of Kratos. This allows you to control routing and responses more granularly. 3. Proxy Configuration: In your reverse proxy configuration, you can set up rules to return a 404 for any attempts to access admin routes on the public port. For example, if you're using Nginx, you could set up a configuration like this:

nginx server {     listen 80;     server_name <http://identity.example.com|identity.example.com>;      # Route for public API     location / {         proxy_pass <http://localhost:4433;>     }      # Return 404 for any admin routes     location ~ ^/admin {         return 404;     } }

This configuration would return a 404 for any paths starting with

/admin

on the public domain, mimicking Hydra's behavior. 4. Kratos Configuration: In your Kratos configuration, you can omit the

serve.admin.base_url

as you mentioned earlier. This ensures that Kratos doesn't expose information about the admin API through its public interfaces. By implementing this approach, you can achieve behavior similar to Hydra, where attempts to access admin routes on the public port result in a 404 error. Remember, this is a custom solution and not a built-in feature of Kratos based on the available documentation. Always ensure that your admin routes are properly secured and not accessible from public networks, regardless of the HTTP status code returned. [Source: Ory Kratos Deployment Guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/deploy-kratos-example) For the most up-to-date and accurate information on this specific requirement, you may want to consult the Ory community forums or submit a feature request to the Ory team.

Based on the information provided in the knowledge sources and our previous conversations, I can analyze the diagram you've presented. The diagram generally represents a simplified OAuth2 flow with Ory Hydra and Ory Kratos, where the "Identity Service" represents the self-service UI. However, there are a few points to consider: 1. Overall Flow: The general flow is correct, showing the interaction between the User, Hydra (OAuth2 server), Identity Service (self-service UI), and Kratos (identity management). 2. Identity Service as Self-Service UI: Your interpretation of the "Identity Service" as the self-service UI is correct. This aligns with the typical setup where a custom UI handles the user interactions for login, consent, and other flows. 3. Kratos Interaction: The diagram correctly shows the Identity Service interacting with Kratos for authentication. This is in line with how Kratos handles identity management and authentication flows. 4. Hydra Flow: The initial redirect from Hydra to the Identity Service and the final return to Hydra are correctly represented, which aligns with the OAuth2 flow described in the [OAuth2 custom login and consent flow documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/custom-login-consent/flow#sequence-diagram). 5. Token Fetch: The final step where the User fetches the token from Hydra is correct and represents the completion of the OAuth2 flow. However, there are a couple of points that could be added for a more complete representation: 1. Consent Flow: The diagram doesn't explicitly show the consent step, which is typically part of the OAuth2 flow with Hydra. After authentication, there's usually a consent screen where the user approves the scopes requested by the client. 2. Kratos Session: The diagram doesn't show the creation and management of the Kratos session, which happens during the authentication process. 3. Hydra Login and Consent Challenges: The diagram doesn't explicitly show the login and consent challenges that Hydra creates and the Identity Service needs to accept. While these additional details aren't strictly necessary for a high-level overview, they are important parts of the complete OAuth2 flow in the Ory ecosystem. In conclusion, your diagram provides a good high-level representation of the OAuth2 token request flow using Ory Hydra, Kratos, and a self-service UI (represented as "Identity Service"). It captures the main interactions between the components, although it simplifies some of the more detailed steps in the process. [Source: OAuth2 custom login and consent flow](https://www.ory.sh/docs/oauth2-oidc/custom-login-consent/flow#sequence-diagram) </Assistant>

To answer your question about providing error messages for Kratos and Hydra error pages, let's look at how each service handles errors and provides information for logging. For Ory Kratos: Kratos provides detailed error information that you can use for logging and displaying to users. According to the [Error Handling documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-basic-integration#error-handling), Kratos provides errors at different levels: 1. Request level errors 2. Method level errors 3. Field level errors To access these errors and log them, you can use the Kratos SDK or make an API call to the error endpoint. Here's an example using the SDK:

typescript
// call the sdk
// sdk...
.then(({data: flow}) => {
  // error message can also exist inside the flow data even when the request is successful.
  // This is the case when retrieving the login flow using the flow ID and the flow was submitted previously
  // but still contains errors.

  // method level error
  // messages is an array of error messages
  err.response?.data?.ui.messages.forEach((message) => {
    console.log(message)
  })

  // field level error
  err.response?.data?.ui.nodes.forEach(({ messages }) => {
    // messages is an array of error messages
    messages.forEach((message) => {
      console.log(message)
    })
  })
})
.catch((err: AxiosError) => {
  // if the request failed but the response is not just an error
  // it will contain flow data which can be used to display error messages
  // this is common when submitting a form (e.g. login or registration)
  // and getting a response status 400 `Bad Request` back.

  if (err.response.status === 400) {
    // method level error
    // messages is an array of error messages
    err.response?.data?.ui.messages.forEach((message) => {
      console.log(message)
    })

    // field level error
    err.response?.data?.ui.nodes.forEach(({ messages }) => {
      // messages is an array of error messages
      messages.forEach((message) => {
        console.log(message)
      })
    })
  } else {
    // request level error
    if (err.response?.data?.error) {
      console.log(err.response.data.error)
    }
  }
})

For Ory Hydra: Hydra also provides error information that you can use for logging. According to the [User-facing errors documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/faq#can-i-set-the-log-level-to-warn-error-debug-), you can set the log level for Hydra to control the verbosity of error logging:

LOG_LEVEL=<level>

Supported levels include: debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic. For user-facing errors, Hydra provides an error endpoint that you can query to get detailed error information. As described in the [User-facing errors in the browser documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/faq#can-i-set-the-log-level-to-warn-error-debug-), you can make a request to:

<https://kratos>-<public|admin>/self-service/errors?id=abcde

To answer your question about providing error messages for Kratos and Hydra error pages, let's look at how each service handles errors and provides information for logging. For Ory Kratos: Kratos provides detailed error information that you can use for logging and displaying to users. According to the [Error Handling documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-basic-integration#error-handling), Kratos provides errors at different levels: 1. Request level errors 2. Method level errors 3. Field level errors To access these errors and log them, you can use the Kratos SDK or make an API call to the error endpoint. Here's an example using the SDK:

typescript // call the sdk // sdk... .then(({data: flow}) => {   // error message can also exist inside the flow data even when the request is successful.   // This is the case when retrieving the login flow using the flow ID and the flow was submitted previously   // but still contains errors.    // method level error   // messages is an array of error messages   err.response?.data?.ui.messages.forEach((message) => {     console.log(message)   })    // field level error   err.response?.data?.ui.nodes.forEach(({ messages }) => {     // messages is an array of error messages     messages.forEach((message) => {       console.log(message)     })   }) }) .catch((err: AxiosError) => {   // if the request failed but the response is not just an error   // it will contain flow data which can be used to display error messages   // this is common when submitting a form (e.g. login or registration)   // and getting a response status 400 `Bad Request` back.    if (err.response.status === 400) {     // method level error     // messages is an array of error messages     err.response?.data?.ui.messages.forEach((message) => {       console.log(message)     })      // field level error     err.response?.data?.ui.nodes.forEach(({ messages }) => {       // messages is an array of error messages       messages.forEach((message) => {         console.log(message)       })     })   } else {     // request level error     if (err.response?.data?.error) {       console.log(err.response.data.error)     }   } })

For Ory Hydra: Hydra also provides error information that you can use for logging. According to the [User-facing errors documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/faq#can-i-set-the-log-level-to-warn-error-debug-), you can set the log level for Hydra to control the verbosity of error logging:

LOG_LEVEL=<level>

Supported levels include: debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic. For user-facing errors, Hydra provides an error endpoint that you can query to get detailed error information. As described in the [User-facing errors in the browser documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/faq#can-i-set-the-log-level-to-warn-error-debug-), you can make a request to:

<https://kratos>-<public|admin>/self-service/errors?id=abcde

The response will contain error details that you can log:

json [   {     "code": 500,     "message": "no such file or directory",     "reason": "some reason",     "debug": "some debug info"   } ]

In both cases, you should implement error handling in your error page that retrieves these error details, logs them appropriately, and displays user-friendly messages to the end-user. Remember to handle errors securely, avoiding exposure of sensitive information to end-users while still providing meaningful feedback and maintaining detailed logs for troubleshooting. [Source: Kratos Error Handling](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-basic-integration#error-handling) [Source: Hydra User-facing Errors](https://www.ory.sh/docs/hydra/faq#can-i-set-the-log-level-to-warn-error-debug-)

To get the error IDs in your self-service node for Ory Kratos, you need to extract them from the error response. Here's how you can do this based on the information from the Ory documentation: 1. Error Redirection: When an error occurs, Kratos will redirect the user to the error UI URL you've configured, appending an error ID as a query parameter. For example:

<https://example.org/errors?id=abcde>

2. Fetching Error Details: In your self-service node, you need to extract this error ID from the URL and use it to fetch the error details from Kratos. You can do this by making a request to Kratos' error API endpoint. Here's an example of how you might implement this in a Node.js application:

javascript const express = require('express'); const axios = require('axios'); const app = express();  app.get('/error', async (req, res) => {   const errorId = req.query.id;   if (!errorId) {     return res.status(400).send('Error ID is missing');   }    try {     // Replace with your Kratos public API URL     const kratosUrl = '<https://kratos-public/self-service/errors>';     const response = await axios.get(`${kratosUrl}?id=${errorId}`);     const errorDetails = response.data;      // Log the error details     console.log('Error details:', errorDetails);      // Render your error page with the error details     res.render('error', { error: errorDetails });   } catch (error) {     console.error('Failed to fetch error details:', error);     res.status(500).send('Internal Server Error');   } });

3. Error Structure: The error details you receive will typically have this structure:

json [   {     "code": 500,     "message": "some error message",     "reason": "some reason",     "debug": "some debug info"   } ]

You can use these details to log the error and display an appropriate message to the user. 4. Handling Different Error Types: Remember that Kratos provides errors at different levels (request, method, and field). You may need to handle these differently depending on the error type. 5. Security Considerations: Be cautious about what error information you expose to the user. It's often best to log detailed error information server-side but only show a generic message to the user. By implementing this approach, you can effectively capture and handle error IDs in your self-service node, allowing you to provide appropriate feedback to users and maintain detailed logs for troubleshooting. [Source: User-facing errors in the browser](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors) Remember to adjust the Kratos URL and error handling logic to fit your specific setup and requirements.

To distinguish between error IDs from Ory Kratos and Ory Hydra, you need to understand how each service handles errors and provides error information. Let me explain the differences: For Ory Kratos: Kratos uses a specific format for its error IDs. According to the [Kratos documentation on UI message codes](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/concepts/ui-user-interface#titles-labels--validation-messages), Kratos error IDs follow this structure: 1. The message ID is a 7-digit number (

xyyzzzz

) where: -

x

is the message type (1 for info, 4 for input validation error, 5 for generic error) -

yy

is the module or flow this error references (e.g., 01 for login, 02 for logout) -

zzzz

is the specific message ID For example, an error ID like

4070001

would be a Kratos error (4 for input validation error, 07 for verification, 0001 for the specific message). For Ory Hydra: Hydra doesn't use the same structured ID system as Kratos. Instead, when you're dealing with Hydra errors, you typically get an error object that includes properties like

error

,

error_description

, and sometimes an

error_hint

. To differentiate between Kratos and Hydra errors in your self-service node: 1. Check the structure of the error response: - If you see a 7-digit numeric ID, it's likely a Kratos error. - If you see an object with

error

and

error_description

fields, it's likely a Hydra error. 2. Consider the context: - Errors related to identity management, login flows, or registration are typically from Kratos. - Errors related to OAuth2 flows, token issuance, or consent are typically from Hydra. 3. Check the error endpoint: - Kratos errors are typically fetched from an endpoint like

/self-service/errors?id=<error_id>

- Hydra errors are often returned directly in the OAuth2 flow responses Here's an example of how you might handle this in your code:

javascript app.get('/error', async (req, res) => {   const errorId = req.query.id;      if (errorId && /^\d{7}$/.test(errorId)) {     // This is likely a Kratos error     const kratosError = await fetchKratosError(errorId);     console.log('Kratos error:', kratosError);     // Handle Kratos error...   } else {     // This might be a Hydra error     const hydraError = req.query.error;     const hydraErrorDescription = req.query.error_description;     console.log('Hydra error:', hydraError, hydraErrorDescription);     // Handle Hydra error...   }      // Render your error page... });

Remember, this is a simplified approach and you may need to adjust it based on your specific setup and how you're integrating Kratos and Hydra in your application. [Source: Kratos UI Message Codes](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/concepts/ui-user-interface#titles-labels--validation-messages) Always ensure you're logging errors securely and not exposing sensitive information to end-users.

To trigger a Kratos error for testing purposes, you can intentionally cause various error conditions in different Kratos flows. Here are some ways to trigger Kratos errors based on the information from the Ory documentation: 1. Invalid Login Attempt: Try to log in with incorrect credentials. This will trigger a login error.

POST /self-service/login/browser    {      "identifier": "<mailto:user@example.com|user@example.com>",      "password": "incorrect_password"    }

2. Registration with Invalid Data: Attempt to register a new user with invalid data, such as an invalid email format or a password that doesn't meet the configured password policy.

POST /self-service/registration/browser    {      "traits": {        "email": "not_an_email"      },      "password": "short"    }

3. Expired Flow: Let a flow (like registration or login) expire by waiting longer than the configured lifespan before submitting the form. You can adjust the lifespan in your configuration to make testing easier:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        login:          lifespan: 10s

4. Invalid CSRF Token: Submit a form with an invalid or missing CSRF token. You can do this by modifying the CSRF token in your form before submission. 5. Using Stub Errors: Kratos provides stub errors for testing. As mentioned in the [User-facing errors documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors#using-stub-errors), you can use:

curl -s '<https://playground.projects.oryapis.com/self-service/errors?id=stub:500>'

This will return a stub 500 (Internal Server Error) error. 6. Invalid Identity Schema: Temporarily modify your identity schema to include invalid JSON. This will cause Kratos to return an error when trying to process identities. 7. Network Issues: If you're using a separate database, you could temporarily disconnect it to trigger database connection errors. Remember to log these errors appropriately in your application and handle them as you would in a production environment. This will help ensure your error handling and logging mechanisms are working correctly. [Source: User-facing errors in Kratos](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors) Always test in a safe, non-production environment to avoid any impact on real user data or system stability.

Based on the configuration and error message you've provided, it appears that Kratos is not redirecting to the error page as expected when there's a database connection issue. This behavior is likely due to how Kratos handles critical errors, such as database connection failures. Let me explain the situation and provide some suggestions: 1. Error Handling: The error you're seeing is a 500 Internal Server Error, which is a critical error. In such cases, Kratos might not be able to perform its normal error handling flow, including redirections. 2. Configuration: Your configuration looks correct for normal operation. You have set the error UI URL:

yaml    flows:      error:        ui_url: <http://localhost:3001/error>

This should work for most error scenarios that Kratos can handle gracefully. 3. Database Connection Errors: Database connection errors are particularly problematic because they can prevent Kratos from performing many of its normal operations, including error handling and redirects. 4. Debug Mode: You have set the log level to debug, which is good for development and troubleshooting:

yaml    log:      level: debug

This should provide more detailed logs about what's happening when the error occurs. To address this issue and improve error handling, consider the following steps: 1. Implement Frontend Error Handling: Since Kratos is returning a JSON error response, you can handle this on the frontend. Implement error catching in your frontend application to detect these 500 errors and redirect to your error page manually. 2. Use a Reverse Proxy: Implement a reverse proxy (like Nginx) in front of Kratos. Configure it to catch 500 errors and redirect to your error page. 3. Improve Resilience: Ensure your database connection is resilient. Consider implementing connection pooling and retry mechanisms. 4. Monitor Logs: Keep an eye on Kratos logs for more detailed information about what's happening during these errors. 5. Consider Healthchecks: Implement health checks in your deployment to quickly detect and respond to database connection issues. 6. Kratos Issue: This behavior might be considered a limitation in Kratos. You could consider opening an issue on the Ory Kratos GitHub repository to suggest improving error handling for critical errors like database connection failures. Remember, for production environments, it's crucial to have robust error handling at multiple levels - in Kratos configuration, in your frontend application, and potentially at the infrastructure level (like using a reverse proxy). [Source: Ory Kratos Configuration](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/configuration) If this issue persists and significantly impacts your application, you might want to reach out to the Ory community or support channels for more specific guidance on handling these critical errors in Kratos.

To trigger an error that would cause the error flow in Ory Kratos, you can intentionally create conditions that lead to errors in various self-service flows. Here are some methods to trigger errors that should activate the error flow: 1. Expired Flow: Let a self-service flow (like login or registration) expire by waiting longer than the configured lifespan before submitting the form. You can adjust the lifespan in your configuration to make testing easier:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        login:          lifespan: 10s

Then, initiate a login flow but wait more than 10 seconds before submitting. This should trigger an error flow. 2. Invalid CSRF Token: Submit a form with an invalid or missing CSRF token. You can do this by modifying the CSRF token in your form before submission. 3. Using Stub Errors: Kratos provides stub errors for testing purposes. As mentioned in the [User-facing errors documentation](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors#using-stub-errors), you can use:

curl -s '<https://your-kratos-domain/self-service/errors?id=stub:500>'

This will return a stub 500 (Internal Server Error) error, which should trigger the error flow. 4. Invalid Identity Schema: Temporarily modify your identity schema to include invalid JSON. This will cause Kratos to return an error when trying to process identities. 5. Misconfiguration: Intentionally misconfigure a setting in your Kratos configuration file. For example, set an invalid URL for one of the UI endpoints:

yaml    selfservice:      flows:        login:          ui_url: <http://invalid-url>

6. Network Issues: If possible, temporarily block network access to a required service (like the database) to trigger connection errors. When triggering these errors, Kratos should redirect to the error UI URL you've configured in your settings:

yaml flows:   error:     ui_url: <http://localhost:3001/error>

Remember to test in a safe, non-production environment. Also, make sure your error handling logic in the UI is prepared to receive and display these errors appropriately. [Source: User-facing errors in Kratos](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/self-service/flows/user-facing-errors)

To configure Ory Kratos to create cookies for a parent domain (example.com) while it's hosted on a subdomain (identity.example.com), you can use the cookie domain setting in your Kratos configuration. Here's how you can set this up: 1. In your Kratos configuration file, add or modify the

session.cookie.domain

setting:

yaml session:   cookie:     domain: <http://example.com|example.com>

This configuration tells Kratos to set the cookie for the root domain (example.com), which will make the cookie available to all subdomains, including identity.example.com. 2. You might also want to configure the

same_site

attribute for better security:

yaml session:   cookie:     domain: <http://example.com|example.com>     same_site: Lax

The

same_site

attribute helps protect against CSRF attacks. The

Lax

value is a good balance between security and usability for most cases. 3. Ensure that your public base URL is set correctly:

yaml serve:   public:     base_url: <http://identity.example.com/>

This configuration allows Kratos to know its own address while still setting cookies for the parent domain. By setting up your configuration this way, Kratos will create cookies for example.com even though it's hosted at identity.example.com. This allows the cookies to be shared across all subdomains of example.com. Remember that for this to work securely in production, you should use HTTPS and set the

secure

flag for cookies:

yaml session:   cookie:     domain: <http://example.com|example.com>     same_site: Lax     secure: true

This setup aligns with the information provided in the [Ory Kratos documentation on configuring cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies), which explains how to set up cookie domains for multi-domain environments. [Source: Ory Kratos - Configuring Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies) Always test this configuration thoroughly in a non-production environment before deploying to production to ensure it works as expected with your specific setup.

@chilly-king-10285

session:
  lifespan: 24h
  cookie:
    domain: ${thommie_domain}
    same_site: None
    secure: true

is this valid for Kratos?

Yes, this configuration is valid for Ory Kratos. Let's break down each part of the configuration: 1. `session:`: This is the main configuration block for session settings in Kratos. 2. `lifespan: 24h`: This sets the session lifespan to 24 hours, which is a common and valid setting. After this period, the session will expire and the user will need to authenticate again. 3. `cookie:`: This sub-block configures the session cookie settings. 4. `domain: ${thommie_domain}`: This sets the cookie domain. The use of a variable (

${thommie_domain}

) is valid and commonly used when the configuration is processed by a system that replaces these variables with actual values (like in a CI/CD pipeline or when using environment variables). 5. `same_site: None`: This is a valid setting for the SameSite attribute of the cookie. Setting it to "None" allows the cookie to be sent in cross-site requests. This is often necessary when your frontend and Kratos are on different domains. 6. `secure: true`: This is correct and highly recommended for production environments. It ensures that the cookie is only sent over HTTPS connections. This configuration is in line with the [Ory Kratos documentation on configuring cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies). The documentation mentions that you can set these attributes for the session cookie, including the domain, SameSite attribute, and secure flag. However, there are a couple of points to consider: 1. When using

same_site: None

, it's crucial that

secure: true

is also set (which you have done correctly) as modern browsers require this combination. 2. The

${thommie_domain}

variable should be replaced with your actual domain in the runtime environment. Make sure your deployment process handles this variable substitution correctly. 3. Setting

same_site: None

can have security implications. Only use this if you absolutely need cross-site cookie sharing, and make sure you understand the potential risks. Remember to test this configuration thoroughly in a non-production environment before deploying to production to ensure it works as expected with your specific setup. [Source: Ory Kratos - Configuring Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies)

Based on the error message you've provided, it appears that there's an issue with the

secure

property in your Kratos configuration for session cookies. This error suggests that the version of Ory Kratos you're using (v1.3.1) doesn't allow the

secure

property to be explicitly set in the configuration file for session cookies. Here's what you can do to resolve this issue: 1. Remove the

secure

property from your session cookie configuration. The

secure

flag is typically set automatically by Kratos based on whether you're using HTTPS or not. 2. Update your configuration to look something like this:

yaml session:   cookie:     domain: <http://stag.thommie.be|stag.thommie.be>     name: ory_kratos_session     persistent: true     same_site: None

3. If you need to ensure that the cookie is always secure, you should run Kratos with HTTPS. Kratos automatically sets the

secure

flag when it detects that it's running over HTTPS. 4. If you're running behind a reverse proxy that terminates SSL, you might need to configure Kratos to trust the proxy's headers. This ensures Kratos knows it's being served over HTTPS even if the connection to the proxy is HTTP. 5. Consider upgrading to a newer version of Kratos if possible, as newer versions might have different configuration options or improved handling of cookie settings. 6. If you absolutely need to set the

secure

flag explicitly and can't upgrade, you might need to look into environment variables or command-line flags that could override this setting, if available in your version of Kratos. Remember, the

same_site: None

setting requires that the cookie be secure. Kratos should handle this automatically when it detects HTTPS, but you need to ensure your setup correctly communicates the use of HTTPS to Kratos. If you continue to have issues after making these changes, you may want to consult the Ory community forums or documentation specific to your version of Kratos for any version-specific configuration details. [Source: Ory Kratos - Configuring Cookies](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/guides/configuring-cookies)