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To implement a unified OTP flow in Next.js (TypeScript) with Ory Kratos, you need to: 1. Collect the user's email or phone number. 2. Check if the identity exists. 3. Start either the login or registration flow with the "code" method. ### 1. Checking if an Identity Exists Important: The official Ory documentation and discussions confirm that you need to check if the identity exists using the Kratos Admin API. However, the knowledge sources above do not provide a direct code example for this in Next.js or TypeScript, nor do they detail the exact API call for checking identity existence. The [official discussion](https://github.com/ory/kratos/discussions/4294) confirms this step is required, but does not provide code. ### 2. Starting the Login or Registration Flow You can use the Ory SDK in Next.js to start the login or registration flow. Here’s how you would typically do it for the login flow (the registration flow is similar):

typescript import { Configuration, FrontendApi } from "@ory/client"  const ory = new FrontendApi(   new Configuration({     basePath: "https://<your-ory-project-slug>.<http://projects.oryapis.com|projects.oryapis.com>", // or use edgeConfig for local dev     baseOptions: {       withCredentials: true,     },   }) )  // Start a login flow const startLoginFlow = async () => {   const { data: flow } = await ory.createBrowserLoginFlow()   return flow }  // Start a registration flow const startRegistrationFlow = async () => {   const { data: flow } = await ory.createBrowserRegistrationFlow()   return flow }

[See Ory Next.js integration guide](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/nextjs#create-nextjs-app) ### 3. Example: Session Check in Next.js Here’s how you can check if a user is logged in (session check) in Next.js, which is similar to how you would use the SDK for other flows:

typescript import { Configuration, FrontendApi, Session } from "@ory/client" import { useEffect, useState } from "react" import { useRouter } from "next/router" import { edgeConfig } from "@ory/integrations/next"  const ory = new FrontendApi(new Configuration(edgeConfig))  const Home = () => {   const router = useRouter()   const [session, setSession] = useState<Session | undefined>()    useEffect(() => {     ory       .toSession()       .then(({ data }) => setSession(data))       .catch(() => router.push(edgeConfig.basePath + "/ui/login"))   }, [router])    if (!session) return null    return <div>Welcome, {session.identity.traits.email}</div> }  export default Home

[Require login to access the home page](https://www.ory.sh/docs/getting-started/integrate-auth/nextjs#require-login-to-access-the-home-page) --- ### Summary - The knowledge sources confirm you need to check if the identity exists and then trigger the appropriate flow, but do not provide a direct code example for checking identity existence in Next.js/TypeScript. - You can use the Ory SDK to start login or registration flows as shown above. - For the identity existence check, you would need to use the Kratos Admin API, but the exact code for this is not present in the provided sources. If you need more details or if the documentation is updated with a direct example, please let me know!

To check if an identity has been created in Ory Kratos, you need to use the Kratos Admin API to list or fetch identities. The knowledge sources confirm that you can use the

GET /admin/identities

endpoint to list all identities, and you can filter or search for a specific identity by its traits (such as email or phone) in your application logic. However, the knowledge sources do not provide a direct API endpoint for searching by trait, nor do they provide a code example for checking existence by trait. Here’s what is available: - The

GET /admin/identities

endpoint lists all identities in the system. You can use this to retrieve all identities and then check in your code if the desired identity exists based on its traits (e.g., email or phone) [Ory API Reference - listIdentities](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/api). - There is also a

GET /admin/identities/{id}

endpoint to fetch a specific identity by its ID, but you need to know the ID in advance [Kratos API Reference - getIdentity](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/reference/api). Summary: The knowledge sources do not describe a direct way to check for an identity by trait (such as email) via a single API call. You would need to list all identities and search for the trait in your application logic. If you need to check if an identity exists by trait, you must: 1. Use

GET /admin/identities

to list all identities. 2. Search through the results for the trait (e.g., email) you are interested in. There is no information in the knowledge sources about a more efficient or direct method.

Yes, Ory supports account linking between different authentication methods, including OIDC (social sign-in) and passwordless (code) methods. If a user logs in with an OIDC provider and the email matches an existing account (for example, one created via passwordless code), Ory will prompt the user to link the accounts. Here’s how it works: - When a user tries to sign in with a social sign-in provider (OIDC) and the email matches an existing account (e.g., created with passwordless code), Ory does not automatically log them in. Instead, the user is prompted to confirm ownership of the existing account—typically by entering the credential associated with that account (such as a password or code). - After successful confirmation, the social sign-in method is linked to the existing account. The user can then log in using either method in the future. This process is called automatic account linking. It is designed to prevent unauthorized access and ensure that only the legitimate account owner can link new sign-in methods. You can also manage linking and unlinking of social sign-in providers from the user's account settings page in the Ory Account Experience UI [User account linking](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/social-signin/link-multiple-provider-account). Security Note: Ory requires an additional credential (like a password or code) to be verified before linking, to prevent malicious actors from hijacking accounts by registering with the same email via a social provider. For more details and step-by-step instructions, see the [Ory documentation on user account linking](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/social-signin/link-multiple-provider-account).

@chilly-king-10285 how to implement it using a custom UI? I'm self-hosting.

To implement account linking between OIDC and passwordless (code) authentication using a custom UI in a self-hosted Ory Kratos setup, you need to leverage Ory’s self-service flows and handle the linking logic in your UI and backend. Here’s what the knowledge sources provide: ### How Account Linking Works - When a user tries to sign in with an OIDC provider and the email matches an existing account (e.g., created with passwordless code), Ory will not log them in directly. Instead, Ory prompts the user to confirm ownership of the existing account (for example, by entering a password or code). - After successful confirmation, the OIDC method is linked to the existing account, allowing future logins with either method. - This process is called automatic account linking and is designed to prevent unauthorized access. The user must verify an additional credential before accounts are linked [User account linking](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/social-signin/link-multiple-provider-account). ### Implementing with a Custom UI 1. Configure Ory Kratos Ensure both OIDC and passwordless (code) methods are enabled in your Kratos configuration. 2. Build Your Custom UI - Use Ory’s self-service flows for login and registration. - When a user attempts to log in with OIDC and the email matches an existing account, Ory will return a response indicating that account linking is required. - Your UI should detect this state and prompt the user to enter the required credential (e.g., password or code). 3. Handle the Linking Prompt - Render a form for the user to enter the required credential. - Submit this credential to the appropriate Ory self-service flow endpoint. - On success, the accounts are linked and the user is authenticated. 4. Account Settings for Manual Linking/Unlinking - Users can also manually link or unlink social sign-in providers from their account settings page. - Your custom UI should provide access to these settings and interact with the relevant Ory APIs. ### Example Flow (High-Level) - User logs in with OIDC. - Ory detects the email matches an existing account (created with code). - Ory responds with a prompt for additional verification. - Your UI displays the prompt and collects the credential. - On successful verification, Ory links the OIDC method to the existing account. ### References - The Ory documentation provides a detailed explanation of [user account linking](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/social-signin/link-multiple-provider-account) and the security considerations involved. - For building custom UIs, see the [custom UI overview](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-overview) and [integration basics](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/bring-your-own-ui/custom-ui-basic-integration). --- Note: The knowledge sources do not provide a step-by-step code example for handling the linking prompt in a custom UI, but they do describe the flow and confirm that it is supported and expected behavior. You will need to handle the UI logic for detecting the linking prompt and submitting the required credential as part of your custom implementation.

No, according to the knowledge sources, Ory does not support automatically linking accounts solely based on matching email addresses without additional verification. This is a deliberate security measure to prevent account hijacking. The documentation explicitly describes that when a user attempts to sign in with a social sign-in provider (OIDC) and the email matches an existing account, Ory will prompt for an additional credential (such as a password or code) before linking the accounts. This step is required to ensure that only the legitimate owner of the email can link new sign-in methods and to prevent malicious actors from taking over accounts by registering with the same email via a different provider [User account linking](https://www.ory.sh/docs/kratos/social-signin/link-multiple-provider-account). There is no documented configuration or method to bypass this extra verification step and auto-link accounts purely on email match.